The Defence of the Realm (169 page)

36
 TNA KV 2/777, ss. 79a, 80a, 82. Burke,
The Spy Who Came in from the Co-op
, ch. 6.

37
 Holloway,
Stalin and the Bomb
,
pp. 26
–
7
.

38
 The first to identify Philby's potential as a Soviet agent – and probably to draw him to the attention of Arnold Deutsch – was Litzi's friend Edith Suschitsky, who was herself recruited by Deutsch and given the transparent codename EDITH. Andrew and Mitrokhin,
Mitrokhin Archive
,
p. 76
.

39
 Philby, untitled memorandum, Security Service Archives. On Philby's partial confession before his 1963 defection, see below,
pp. 435
–
6
.

40
 J. C. Brown, ‘Interview of Frau Josefine (Fini) Deutsch, 21–22 May 1972', 2 June 1972, PF 48,871, s. 71b.

41
 Andrew and Mitrokhin,
Mitrokhin Archive
,
pp. 73
–
4
.

42
 On SVR attempts to give greater credit to the more senior NKVD officer, Aleksandr Orlov, see ibid.,
pp. 77
–
8
.

43
 Ibid.,
p. 75
.

44
 Borovik,
Philby Files
,
p. 29
.

45
 Andrew and Mitrokhin,
Mitrokhin Archive
,
p. 74
.

46
 In October 1936, and subsequently, Oscar Deutsch applied for permission to employ his cousin Arnold as a psychologist with his cinema chain. The Home Office refused permission on the grounds that there was no reason why the job should not be given to a British subject. Security Service Archives. Information on the Odeon acronym from Peter Hennessy.

47
 Security Service Archives.

48
 After his arrival in England in April 1934, Deutsch spent a term at UCL studying phonetics, probably because it was too late in the academic year to begin work for the Psychology Diploma. Security Service Archives.

49
 Security Service Archives.

50
 Security Service Archives. Controversy has continued ever since Burt's death in 1971 over whether he fabricated some of the evidence used in his research.

51
 Costello and Tsarev,
Deadly Illusions
,
p. 146
.

52
 Andrew and Mitrokhin,
Mitrokhin Archive
, ch. 4.

53
 Originally known as the Cambridge University Labour Club and affiliated to the Labour Party, it was taken over by Communists on 29 November 1930, disaffiliated from Labour and renamed itself the Cambridge University Socialist Society (CUSS). CUSS minute book, 29 Nov. 1930.

54
 The official title of the CUSS treasurer, as in other Cambridge student societies, was ‘Junior Treasurer'. The title ‘Senior Treasurer' was reserved for a senior member of the University who was supposed to ensure the orderly functioning of the society.

55
 CUSS minute book.

56
 Andrew and Mitrokhin,
Mitrokhin Archive
, ch. 4.

57
 Ibid., chs 3, 4.

58
 Primakov et al. (eds),
Ocherki istorii rossiiskoi vneshnei razvedki
, vol. 3, ch. 13.

59
 Andrew and Mitrokhin,
Mitrokhin Archive
,
pp. 66
,
71
–
2
.

60
 Denniston, ‘Government Code and Cypher School between the Wars',
p. 58
.

61
 H. C. Kenworthy, ‘A Brief History of Events Relating to the Growth of the “Y” Service', TNA HW 3/81. Smith, ‘Government Code and Cypher School and the First Cold War'.

62
 
Security Service
,
pp. 105
–
6
.

63
 William Morrison PF, TNA KV 2/606.

64
 Jane Sissmore, ‘William Morrison', 1 Aug. 1939, TNA KV 2/606. After returning from Spain in April 1938 (Sissmore had ‘a very shrewd suspicion that he deserted' from the Republican forces), Morrison broke contact with the CPGB and gave a ‘frank' account to MI5 of his previous career. Knight (B5b), ‘William Morrison', 30 Oct. 1939, TNA KV 2/606.

65
 
Security Service
,
p. 106
.

66
 Denniston, ‘Government Code and Cypher School between the Wars',
p. 58
.

67
 All that survives in Security Service files is a brief file summary.

68
 CB 16 (22 April 1931–19 May 1932), TNA HW 17/70. I am grateful to Dr Victor Madeira for this reference.

69
 Decrypts of Comintern traffic between Moscow and London from February 1934 to January 1937 are published in West,
MASK
,
pp. 41
–
199
.

70
 Decrypted message from Moscow to Pollitt, 16 Feb. 1934, reporting on Kenyatta's return to London; West,
MASK
,
p. 120
.

71
 Security Service Archives.

72
 
Security Service
,
p. 106
. There are numerous references to the subsidies in the decrypts published in West,
MASK
.

73
 Memo by Vansittart (PUS Foreign Office), 28 May 1935; Sir John Simon to Moscow embassy, 30 May 1935, TNA FO 371/19467 N2761. Andrew, ‘Secret Intelligence and British Foreign Policy',
p. 21
.

74
 Millar, ‘British Intelligence and the Comintern in Shanghai',
pp. 136
–
50
. Smith, ‘Government Code and Cypher School and the First Cold War',
pp. 29
–
30
. Smith,
Foley
,
pp. 51
–
61
.
Security Service
,
pp. 103
–
5
.

75
 Numerous volumes of Comintern messages to various parts of the world were not passed to the Security Service until 1952 when interest in them revived during the VENONA investigation and copies were also forwarded to the FBI and CIA. Security Service Archives.

76
 See above,
pp. 123
,
164
.

77
 ‘John Harold Salisbury', 5 Sept. 1935, TNA KV 2/2499, s. 231a.

78
 Untitled report by Harker on conference in Admiralty, 8 Jan. 1936, TNA KV 2/2499, s. 276a. Ba, Copy of interrogation of J. H. Salisbury, 13 Jan. 1936, TNA KV 2/2499, s. 278a.

79
 Minutes 281a, 282a, 1 Feb. 1936, TNA KV 2/2499.

80
 Harker to Rae (Treasury), 9 Oct. 1936, enclosing MI5 reports on Trebilcock and other Communists ‘employed in Civil Establishments under the Admiralty'; Secret report by Carter Committee on ‘Undesirable Employees in Naval Establishments', 4 Nov. 1936; Macleod (Admiralty) to Rae (Treasury), 7 Jan. 1937; Notes prepared for Baldwin's meeting with Bevin, Feb. 1937, TNA T 162 424/E13264/04. Notes by Sir Horace Wilson on meeting between Baldwin, Bevin and First Sea Lord, 9 Feb. 1937, TNA PREM 1/206.

81
 Special Branch report, 29 March 1935, TNA FO 371/19467 N1781. Andrew, ‘Secret Intelligence and British Foreign Policy',
pp. 21
–
2
. Surviving MASK decrypts include a number of reprimands to the
Daily Worker
when it failed to follow the current Moscow line with the precision demanded of it. West,
MASK
,
pp. 102
,
181
,
182
.

82
 ‘M.S. Report',
pp. 18
,
33
–
4
, TNA KV 4/227. ‘The Woolwich Arsenal Case – Summary Report', 13 Feb. 1950,
p. 13
, TNA KV 2/1023, s. 871a. ‘Statement of “X” the informant in this case', 25 Jan. 1938,
p. 1
, TNA KV 2/1022, s. [illegible]. Quinlan, ‘Human Intelligence Tradecraft and MI5 Operations in Britain',
pp. 178
–
9
.

83
 ‘Statement of “X” the informant in this case', 25 Jan. 1938,
pp. 1
–
2
, TNA KV 2/1022; ‘M.S. Report',
pp. 35
–
8
, TNA KV 4/227. Quinlan, ‘Human Intelligence Tradecraft and MI5 Operations in Britain',
pp. 181
–
90
.

84
 ‘re 82 Holland Road', 24 April 1937, TNA KV/2008, s. 1a; ‘re “Mr Peters”', 29 April 1937, ibid., s. 2a; M (Knight), minute, 13 Jan. 1938, ibid., s. 4a. Security Service Archives.

85
 ‘Statement of “X” the informant in this case', 25 Jan. 1938,
p. 3
, TNA KV 2/1022. The NKVD defector Walter Krivitsky said later that Maly too had described Deutsch as ‘bumptious'; ‘Note re information from Krivitsky', 23 Jan. 1940,
p. 8
, TNA KV 2/804, s. 2b.

86
 See below,
p. 420
.

87
 ‘Statement of “X” the informant in this case', 25 Jan. 1938,
pp. 3
–
6
, TNA KV 2/1022. ‘The Woolwich Arsenal Case – Summary Report', 13 Feb. 1950,
pp. 1
–
3
, TNA KV 2/1023, s. 871a. ‘M.S. Report',
pp. 39
–
40
, TNA KV 4/227. Quinlan, ‘Human Intelligence Tradecraft and MI5 Operations in Britain',
pp. 189
–
90
.

88
 ‘Willy and Mary Brandes', TNA KV 2/1004.

89
 ‘The Woolwich Arsenal Case – Summary Report', 13 February 1950,
p. 4
, TNA KV 2/1023, s. 871a; ‘Statement of “X” the informant in this case', 25 Jan. 1938,
p. 7
, TNA KV 2/1022, s. [illegible]. Quinlan, ‘Human Intelligence Tradecraft and MI5 Operations in Britain',
pp. 191
–
4
.

90
 Trial reports in
The Times
, 4, 8 Feb., 15 March 1938. Masters,
The Man Who was M
, ch. 4.

91
 Burke,
The Spy Who Came in from the Co-op
,
p. 95
. Vivian spelt Sirnis ‘Sirness'. He also identified an address found on a slip of paper in Glading's diary as her address.

92
 Security Service Archives. M2 wrongly assumed that either ‘Sirnis' or ‘Steadman' was her
married name and the other her maiden name. In fact Melita Norwood at this period seems not to have used her married name in Party circles.

93
 Security Service Archives.

94
 Security Service Archives.

95
 Andrew and Mitrokhin,
Mitrokhin Archive
,
p. 153
. The suggestion in Dr David Burke's generally impressive pioneering biography of Melita Norwood,
The Spy Who Came in from the Co-op
(
p. 103
), that ‘someone involved with the case must have taken a decision to inform the Russians that her cover had not been blown' is implausible.

96
 Security Service Archives.

97
 See below,
pp. 579
–
80
.

98
 Andrew and Mitrokhin,
Mitrokhin Archive
,
pp. 102
–
3
. The Centre and perhaps Deutsch may well have misinterpreted a visit he received from the police in September 1937. The visit was prompted not by any suspicion of espionage but solely by the fact that, having given up his diploma course at University College, he was trying to regularize his position in England by employment with his cousin, Oscar Deutsch. Security Service Archives.

99
 See below,
pp. 426
–
8
.

100
 Burke,
The Spy Who Came in from the Co-op
, ch. 6.

101
 Security Service Archives.

102
 Security Service Archives.

103
 Grafpen's file was destroyed some years ago. A record remains, however, that he had first been identified as a Soviet intelligence officer by the Security Service in 1927 and held posts in Soviet trade delegations in London, New York and Milan.

104
 Andrew and Mitrokhin,
Mitrokhin Archive
,
pp. 107
,
109
.

105
 ‘Compte-rendu de Mission à Londres les 30 & 31 janvier 1939', 1 Feb. 1939, SHD-DAT, ARR, dr. 250; ‘Prévisions britanniques', 19 Feb. 1939, SHD-DAT, ARR, dr. 251. I am grateful to Dr Peter Jackson for this reference.

106
 Andrew and Mitrokhin,
Mitrokhin Archive
,
pp. 107
–
9
.

Chapter 3: British Fascism and the Nazi Threat

1
 Security Service Archives.

2
 
Parl. Deb. (Commons)
, 26 May 1927, cols 2257–8.

3
 Nicolai,
Nachrichtendienst, Presse, und Volksstimmung im Weltkrieg
. On Nicolai, see above,
pp. 52
,
77
.

4
 Nicolai,
Geheime Mächte;
English trans.: Nicolai,
German Secret Service
,
pp. 265
–
7
for quotation.

5
 Holt-Wilson, ‘Military Administration of occupied territory in time of war', 22 March 1922, TNA KV 4/313, s. 2a.
Security Service
,
p. 78
.

6
 The lack of detailed studies of the intelligence services of imperial Germany and the Weimar Republic, due largely to the scarcity of sources, is in striking contrast to the voluminous literature on policing. On the current state of research on intelligence in the Weimar period, see Richter, ‘Military and Civil Intelligence Services in Germany'.

7
 ‘The Deutsche Uberseedienst', 1923, TNA KV 2/1116, s. 139a.
Security Service
,
p. 98
.