The Devil Wins: A History of Lying from the Garden of Eden to the Enlightenment (51 page)

19
.   Arthur M. Melzer, “Rousseau and the Modern Cult of Sincerity,”
Harvard Review of Philosophy
(Spring 1995): 4–21, writes, 14: “In Shakespeare and Molière we find much emphasis on the falseness of men’s claims to virtue and nobility, but the opposite of hypocritical nobility is still taken to be genuine nobility—not sincerity as such. Thus, Rousseau (and we after him) is doing something fundamentally new when he makes the seemingly obvious move from blaming hypocrisy to praising sincerity—that is, not praising sincere piety, or sincere righteousness, but sincerity itself and by itself. In other words, Rousseau is the first to define the good as being oneself regardless of what one may be. And that is a radically new position—a position which is at the core of his and our unique obsession with sincerity.”

20
.   Karl Barth,
Protestant Thought from Rousseau to Ritschl
(New York: Harper & Brothers, 1959), 105–8: “In common with the whole of the eighteenth century Rousseau was a confirmed Pelagian, a declared opponent of the Church doctrine of original sin … [but] … Rousseau was so energetic in pursuing this idea, so naïve in taking it as his constant premise even in his own Pelagian century, [he] became a kind of martyr to Pelagianism…. Be that as it may, the church doctrine of original sin has seldom, I believe, been denied with such disconcerting candour and in so directly personal a way.” This is partially cited and the general argument reaffirmed in Arthur M. Melzer,
The Natural Goodness of Man: On the System of Rousseau’s Thought
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990), 18.

21
.   Immanuel Kant,
The Metaphysics of Morals: Part II, Metaphysical First Principles of the Doctrine of Virtue
, in
Practical Philosophy
, ed. and trans. Mary J. Gregor (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 552–53. Useful starting points into the literature on Kant’s analysis of lies are James Mahon, “The Truth about Lies in Kant,” in
The Philosophy of Deception
, ed. Clancy Martin (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), 201–24, Alasdaire Mac-Intyre,
Truthfulness, Lies and Moral Philosophers: What Can We Learn from Mill and Kant
, in
The Tanner Lectures on Human Values
, vol. 15 (Salt Lakes City: University of Utah Press, 1994), 309–69, and Christine M. Korsgaard, “The Right to Lie: Kant on Dealing with Evil,”
Philosophy and Public Affairs
15:4 (Autumn 1986): 325–49.

22
.   Immanuel Kant, “On a Supposed Right to Lie from Philanthropy,” in
Practical Philosophy
, 613.

23
.   Kant,
Metaphysics of Morals
, 554.

24
.   Immanuel Kant,
Conjectures on the Beginning of Human History
, in
Political Writings
, ed. Hans Reiss (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 221–34, here, 221.

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