The Dynamite Club: How a Bombing in Fin-de-Siecle Paris Ignited the Age of Modern Terror (34 page)

[>]
striking similarities: Ba 1115, "Léon," Feb. 13, 1894, and report of Feb. 14, 2:00
A.M.
Vaillant, whose execution:
Le Matin,
Feb. 13, 1894.
a "ridiculous bomb":
Le 19e Siècle,
Feb. 16, 1894.

Émile's bomb: Ba 1115, Feb. 13, 1894,
chef de service; Le Journal,
Feb. 22, 1894.

[>]
The door had been forced:
Le Figaro,
Feb. 16, 1894;
L'Intransigeant,
Feb. 17 and 18, 1894; Ba 1215, police, "Léon," Apr. 27, 1894; Ba 1115, Mar. 22–23, 28, Apr. 1 and 27, 1894; F713053, Moreau, commissaire spécial, "L'anarchisme en France," 1897.
a photo of Émile:
Le Figaro,
Feb. 16, 1894.
material for making more bombs:
L'Intransigeant,
Feb. 18, 1894;
Le Gaulois,
Feb. 15, 1894;
Le Gil Bias,
Feb. 16, 1894.

[>]
"scandalous scenes":
Belle France,
Feb. 13, and
Le 19e Siècle,
Feb. 15, 1894.
The press immediately seized:
La Lanterne
and
L'Événement,
Feb. 14, 1894.

7. The Trial

[>]
"our so troubling and complex":
Le Matin,
Feb. 15, 1894.

The Anarchist Peril:
Félix Dubois,
Le péril anarchiste
(Paris, 1894).
When part of the scenery: Ernest A. Vizetelly,
The Anarchists: Their Faith and Their Record
(London, 1911), p. 164.

[>]
"a new Poland":
L'Intransigeant,
Feb. 14, 1894.
offering insurance policies: Sonn, "Marginality and Transgression," p. 130.
more searches of residences:
Le Gaulois,
Mar. 3, 1894;
L'Intransigeant,
Feb. 26, 1894; Guillaume Loubat,
Code de la législation contre les anarchistes
(Paris, 1895), p. 188.
Martial Bourdin:
La Patrie,
Feb. 19, 1894.
"moneyed bourgeois": DiPaola,
Italian Anarchists,
p. 47; Oliver,
International Anarchist Movement,
p. 101.
The police showed up: Ba 1115, police report, Feb. 15, 1894.

[>]
Three journalists made their way:
Le Petit Temps,
Feb. 16, 1894.
merely vulgar insults:
Le 19e Siècle,
Feb. 20, 1894.

[>]
"I am transfigured!":
Le 19e Siècle,
Feb. 23, 1894; Ba 1115, Feb. 16, 1894.
the marquise de Chamborant: Ba 1115, Feb. 15 and 17, 1894;
Le 19e Siècle,
Feb. 24, 1894.
"his easy gusto":
Débats
and
République Française,
Feb. 15, 1894.
On February 17, a magistrate: Ba 1115, telegram, Feb. 17, 1894;
L'Intransigeant,
Feb. 19, 1894;
Le 19e Siècle,
Feb. 20, 1894;
L'Éclair,
Feb. 20, 1894.

[>]
he had left the bomb: Ba 1115, Feb. 21, 1894; Ba 77, Apr. 2, 1892.
My dear little Mother: Ba 1115, Feb. 19, 1894.

[>]
"He has avenged his father!": Martin A. Miller, "Ordinary Terrorism in Historical Perspective,"
Journal for the Study of Radicalism,
2, 2 (2008), p. 140.
moved by seeing her: Ba 1115, Feb. 21, 1894;
L'Éclair,
Feb. 22, 1894.
"Don't speak to me about it": Ba 1115, Feb. 21, 1894;
L'Éclair,
Feb. 22, 1894.

[>]
piece number 462:
La Libre Parole,
Mar. 20, 1894.
Hornbostel initially insisted:
L'Éclair,
Feb. 22, 1894; Ba 1115, Feb. 23 and Mar. 13–14, 1894.
During a reconstruction: Ba 1115, Feb. 26 and 28, 1894, commissaire de police; telegram, Feb. 28, 1894.
"always threatens exhausted brains":
La Petite République
and
L'Éclair,
Apr. 26, 1894.

[>]
The relative comfort: Ba 1115, police reports, Feb. 22 and 25, Mar. 7–12, 15–16, 20, 30, and Apr. 5, 1894;
Le 19e Siècle,
Mar. 31, 1894;
Le Gaulois,
Apr. 14, 1894; Reg Carr,
Anarchism in France: The Case of Octave Mirbeau
(Montreal, 1977), pp. 65–66.
"absolute equality": Henry,
Coup pour coup,
p. 33; Guérin, éd.,
No Gods, No Masters,
p. 397; Ba 1115, Émile Henry, Feb. 22, 1894.
Sometimes Émile walked: Ba 1115, Mar. 28–30, Apr. 1, 4, 12–14, 16–17, and 20, 1894;
Le 19e Siècle,
Mar. 31, 1894; Longoni,
Four Patients,
p. 154;
La Lanterne,
Mar. 5, 1894;
L'Intransigeant,
Feb. 19, 1894.

[>]
newspapers debated the significance: Henri Ribeyre, "Chronique politique,"
La Revue Blanche,
6, Mar. 1894; Sonn,
Anarchism and Cultural Politics,
p. 252;
Le Figaro,
Mar. 27;
La Patrie,
Feb. 22;
Le Soleil,
May 6, 1894, which added that Henry was "a materialist and atheist ... the natural product of our Judeo-Freemason society, of our frivolous and corrupt society, without beliefs, ideals, and faith."

[>]
bomb exploded in Lyon:
Le Figaro,
Feb. 25;
L'Intransigeant,
Mar. 31, 1894. "What do the waves": Herbert,
The Artist,
p. 124.
The explosion at the Foyot: Halperin,
Félix Fénéon,
pp. 3–4, 275–76; Ba 142, reports, Mar. 26, Apr. 4, 5, 11, 13, 25, and June 25, 1894;
L'Écho,
Apr. 7, 1894; Herbert,
The Artist,
p. 124;
La Libre Parole,
Apr. 17, 1894; Sonn,
Anarchism and Cultural Politics,
p. 234.

[>]
"Once more, the idea":
La Libre Parole,
Apr. 17, 1894.
Girard, the chemist: Ba 1115, Mar. 13–14, 1894.

[>]
covered by a woman's wig: Ba 1115, Feb. 23, 1894.
"had never had relations": Ba 1115, Mar. 8, 1894.
Ten francs arrived: Ba 1115, Mar. 9, 1894.
anarchist Philibert Pauwels: Ba 1215, Jan. 14, 1885; Oct. 14 and 27, 1887; Mar. 21, Nov. 17, and Dec. 9, 1890; Mar. 9, Apr. 25–26, May 1, 3, 5, 7, July 15, 17, 21, 22, 27, Aug. 1, 8, 25, 28, and Dec. 31, 1891; act of expulsion, Apr. 28, 1891; minister of the interior, Dec. 19, 1891, and Jan. 28, 1892; Jan. 11, 19, 23, 28, Feb. 10, 13, Mar. 26, May 10, 17, and Dec. 9, 13, 29, 1892; Oct. 6, 1893 (report of X.2); Feb. 27 and Mar. 11, 16, 17, 18, 20–21, 24, 27, 28, 1894;
procès-verbal,
Aug. 7; Pauwels, Aug. 8; prefect of police, Apr. 23, 1892;
Le Matin,
Mar. 17, 1894,
Le Temps,
Sept. 18, 1894; prefect of Gironde, Mar. 21, 1894;
Le Gil Bias,
Mar. 18, 1894; minister of the interior, Dec. 19, 1891; prefect of police, Apr. 23, 1892;
Le Matin,
Mar. 17, 1894,
Le Temps,
Sept. 18, 1894;
Le Journal,
Mar. 18, 1894; Ba 142, Feb. 21;
Le Matin
and
France,
Feb. 21;
L'Éclair,
Feb. 22;
La Patrie,
Feb. 27, 1894; Ba 142;
L'Éclair,
Mar. 17, 1894;
Le Journal,
May 10, 1894; letter of "Étienne Rabardy," 69, rue Saint-Jacques, n.d.;
Le Matin
and Le
Figaro,
Mar. 16, 1894;
La Patrie
and
Greffier,
May 11, 1894;
Le Figaro,
Mar. 21, 1894.

[>]
each side of the courtroom: See Katherine Fischer Taylor,
In the Theater of Criminal Justice: The Palais de Justice in Second Empire Paris
(Princeton, 1993), especially pp. 31–33, 43–48, 6sff;
Le Matin,
Apr. 16, 1894; Association de la Presse Judiciaire,
The Paris Law Courts: Sketches of Men and Manners
(New York, 1894), PP-180–201.
The jury sat: Varennes,
De Ravachol,
pp. 312–43; Albert Bataille,
Causes criminelles et mondaines de 1894: Les procès anarchistes
(Paris, 1895), pp. 50–93;
L'Intransigeant,
Apr. 29, 1894;
Le Figaro,
Apr. 28 and 29, 1894; Ba 141, minister of the interior, Feb. 24, 1894;
L'Éclair,
Apr. 3, 1894;
La Patrie,
Apr. 25, 1894.

[>]
thereby identifying accomplices: Ba 1115, Feb. 23 and 26, Mar. 7, 11–16, 24, 1894;
L'Éclair,
Feb. 21, 1894;
Le Matin,
Feb. 23, 1893; Ba 140, police reports, Feb. 14, and prefect of police, Feb. 15, 1894;
L'Intransigeant,
Feb. 16, 1894:
Le 19e Siècle,
Feb. 16, 1894.

[>]
Girard, the omnipresent director: Ba 1115, Émile Henry, Feb. 27, 1894, Conciergerie.

[>]
Hornbostel's defense was disastrous: Gérard A. Jaeger,
Anatole Deibler, carnets d'exécutions, 1885–1939
(Paris, 2004), p. 121; Maitron,
Histoire du mouvement,
note 1, p. 226;
Le Figaro,
Apr. 29, 1894; Ba 1115, Apr. 28, 1894.
"his loss of the instinct":
La Petite République,
May 6, 1894.

[>]
"is the life of anarchism":
La Petite République,
May 7, 1894.
"this final test ... a thousand kisses": Ba 1115.
On May 1, Émile wrote: Ba 1115, Apr. 24, 1894; Ba 1115, Apr. 24, 1894;
Le 19e Siècle,
Apr. 27, 1894, with Émile's letter; Émile Henry,
Déclaration
(Paris, 1894); Varennes,
De Ravachol,
pp. 233–34; Bataille,
Causes criminelles,
pp. 50–93, carried by
Le Figaro,
Apr. 28, 1894. On April 25, the police, who had searched in April the residence Fénéon shared with his mother, Marie-Louise, turned up again. As they neared the door, his mother got rid of the copy of the work Henry was preparing for his trial (Halperin,
Félix Fénéon,
pp. 276–79).

[>]
"miraculous image":
Le Journal,
May 12, 1894.
"I don't want to see her!":
Le Figaro,
May 6, 1894.
Élisa Gauthey had become a star:
Le Journal,
May 17, 1894.

[>]
By tradition, no one:
L'Événement,
May 22, 1894.
"If they cut off his head":
L'Intransigeant,
May 22, 1894.
the "national razor": Daniel Arasse,
The Guillotine and the Terror
(London, 1989), pp. 2–75, quote from p. 13.

[>]
guillotined per year: Georges Grison,
Souvenirs de la place de la Roquette
(Paris, 1883), p. 18.
to Anatole Deibler:
Le Matin,
May 21, 1894;
19e Siècle,
May
22
, 1894;
Justice,
May 22, 1894;
L'Événement,
May 22, 1894.

[>]
"to put on a play": Bernard,
Les deux Paris,
pp. 137–38.

[>]
"a solemnity of horror and majesty":
Le Journal,
May 22, 1894, "Un témoin de la guillotine";
L'Écho de Paris,
May 22, 1894.
a mere "aristocrat of crime":
La Libre Parole,
May 22, 1894.
"Don't talk to me about anarchists":
Le Gaulois,
May 21, 1894.

[>]
"as miserable as his machine": Gérard A. Jaeger,
Anatole Deibler (1863–1939): L'homme qui trancha 400 têtes
(Paris, 2001), pp. 74, 128.
Some of the workmen:
Le Journal,
May 21 and 22, 1894;
Le Matin,
May 21, 1894;
L'Événement,
May 21, 1894.

[>]
Louis Deibler, with one or two: Jaeger,
Anatole Deibler, carnets,
pp. 15–25; Jaeger,
Anatole Deibler (1863–1939),
pp. 131, 274.

[>]
The small procession:
Le Journal,
May 21 and 22, 1894;
La Libre Parole,
May 22, 1894.

[>]
"Long live the Commune!":
Le Matin,
May 21, 1894.
"a humanization of customs":
Le Journal,
May 23, 1894.
Émile's body:
19e Siècle,
May 22, 1894;
Le Journal,
May 21, 1894;
Le Figaro, La Libre Parole, L'Éclair, La Petit République,
and
Le Journal,
May 22, 1894; office of the prefect of police to the dean of the medical school, May 21, 1894; Goupil, May 21, 1894; Ba 1115, dean of the medical school, May 21 and 23.

[>]
departed for Brévannes:
L'Écho de Paris,
May 22, 1894;
19e Siècle,
May 22, 1894;
L'Intransigeant,
May 22, 1894.

[>]
On May 24, Émile was buried: Ba 1115, reports of Descaves, May 24, and commissaire spécial to the prefect of the Seine-et-Oise, May 25, 1894.
"Who is next?": Leyret,
En plein faubourg,
p. 161.

8. Reaction

[>]
"To those who say: hate":
La Renaissance,
May 20, 1896.
"A mortal enemy":
Le Journal,
Feb. 19, 1894, cited in Maitron, éd.,
Dictionnaire biographique.
"not that which lashes out": Ibid.,"Malato, Charles."
embarrassment to the anarchist cause: James Joll, "Singing, Dancing, and Dynamite,"
Times Literary Supplement,
Sept. 10, 1976.

[>]
self-proclaimed "resolute avenger": Leyrat,
En plein faubourg,
pp. 161–65. Émile entered history:
L'Écho de Paris,
May 22, 1894.

[>]
"monstrous hatred":
L'Événement,
May 22, 1894.
Items related to Émile: Sonn,
Anarchism and Cultural Politics,
p. 247; Ba 1115, May 11, 1894; DiPaola, "
Italian Anarchists,
" p. 57. The Belgian newspaper was
La Débâcle Sociale.
"his sensitivities so full of love": Ba 1115, Nov. 22, 1893, commissaire special of Boissy St. Léger to prefect and to his counterpart in Versailles, Nov. 22, 1894;
La Renaissance
(G. Pérot), May 20, 1896.

[>]
Émilienne-Henriette: Léger,
Journal,
pp. 250, 302, saluting Caserio, "he pulled off the greatest coup. To wipe out a president of the Republic,
c'est princier...
"
"the great human family": Kedward,
The Anarchists,
p. 42; Levy, "The Anarchist Assassin," p. 13.

[>]
"dynamite psychosis": Eisenzweig,
Fictions,
chapter II/3, esp. pp. 300–303, 325; R. Garraud,
L'anarchie et la répression
(Paris, 1895), pp. 11, 19–23, 114–15, 133.
"acts of violence": M. P. Fabreguettes,
De la complicité,
pp. 39–41; Machelon,
La République,
pp. 409–45; Varennes,
De Ravachol,
pp. 246–72; R. Garraud,
L'anarchie,
p. 53, citing article 2, law of 28–7–94; F7 12508, "con-sidérations générales," Jan. 1894; Loubat,
Code de la législation,
pp. 177–78.