The Dynamite Club: How a Bombing in Fin-de-Siecle Paris Ignited the Age of Modern Terror (33 page)

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"The Anarchists are 'criminals'": Ibid., pp. 219–24;
Commonweal,
Nov. 25, 1893.
"first wave" of modern terrorism: Rapoport, "The Four Waves," pp. 46–73.

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"The entire world is my country": Thanks to Carl Levy for providing this quotation.
important anarchist hubs: Rapoport, "The Four Waves," pp. 2–3.
could be found in Spain: Sweeney,
At Scotland Yard,
pp. 278–79.
immigration to London increased: Richard Bach Jensen, "The International Campaign Against Anarchist Terrorism, 1880–1914/1930S" (unpublished paper), p. 10.
immigrants generated xenophobia: See Michael Collyer, "Secret Agents: Anarchists, Islamists, and Responses to Politically Active Refugees in London,"
Ethnic and Racial Studies,
28, 2 (March 2005), pp. 278–303, noting the association of anarchism in London with Jewish immigration (p. 280); Bantman, "French Anarchist Exiles," p. 414.

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ticket for a dance: DiPaolo, "Italian Anarchists," p. 15.
"Anarchist-hunter[s]": Sweeney,
At Scotland Yard,
p. 204.

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a veritable obsession: Bantman, "French Anarchist Exiles," pp. 298–300.

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looked suspiciously upon comrades: Ba 140, police reports, Nov. 9, 1892, Mar. 26, 1893, and Feb. 21 and Mar. 26, 1894;
Le Gil Bias,
Feb. 16, 1894.
The Italian anarchist Rubino: Pietro DiPaola, "The Spies Who Came in from the Heat: The International Surveillance of the Anarchists in London,"
European History Quarterly,
37 (2), pp. 192–93.
reports that were misleading: See Richard Cobb,
The Police and the People: French Popular Protest, 1789–1820
(New York, 1972).
collected useful information: DiPaola, "Italian Anarchists," p. 257. David Nicol on Melville: Sweeney,
At Scotland Yard,
p. 226.
concerning anarchist publications: H. Oliver,
The International Anarchist Movement in Late Victorian London
(London, 1983), p. 79; F7 12518, "Les Dynamitards aux Panamitards," printed in London, ordered seized on Dec. 19, 1893; Bantman, "French Anarchist Exiles," pp. 15–17.
police did succeed somewhat: Dominique Kalifa,
Crimes et culture au
XIXe siècle
(Paris, 2005), p. 12.
six anarchists were arrested: Sweeney,
At Scotland Yard,
pp. 209–20.

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"La Petite France": Bantman, "French Anarchist Exiles," p. 260.
around Fitzroy Square: Hugh David,
The Fitzrovians
(London, 1988), pp. 81–82, 85, 88–89; Mike Pentelow and Marsha Row,
Characters of Fitz-rovia
(London, 2001), p. 8; Walter Besant,
London North of the Thames
(London, 1911), p. 406.

"where my banished friends": Pentelow and Row,
Characters of Fitzrovia,
p. 50; Oliver,
The International Anarchist Movement,
pp. 64–65; Bantman, "French Anarchist Exiles," p. 334.

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"a collection of poor devils": J. C. Longoni,
Four Patients of Dr. Deibler: A Study in Anarchy
(London, 1970), p. 146, from
Le Figaro,
Feb. 17, 1894.
simply "vegetating," completely: Bantman, "French Anarchist Exiles," p. 301.
street
and
fish:
Charles Malato,
Les joyeusetés de l'exile
(Ossas-Suhare, 1985), p. 31.
Richards grocery store: Ibid., p. 47; Fitzgerald, "Émile Pouget," pp. 254–60; Ba 1504: Oct. 17, 1894 (Z.1.); Bantman, "French Anarchist Exiles," p. 260. See also Jean Maitron,
De la Commune à l'anarchie
(Paris, 1894), p. 276.
a list of phrases: Malato,
Les joyeusetés,
pp. 174–75.

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edited by Charles Malato: Malato, "Some Anarchist Portraits," p. 331.

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"a little country": Ba 1115, "Z no. 2," Dec. 25, 1892.
When Émile arrived in London: Ba 1115, "Zob," Dec. 21, 1892; Ba 1509, Sept. 16, 1894; Bantman, "French Anarchist Exiles," p. 258.
to the Autonomy Club: The term "shadow circle" is that of George Woodcock; Bantman, "French Anarchist Exiles," pp. 18–22, 210–11; Sweeney, At
Scotland Yard,
p. 216; Ba 1509, Jan. 25, 1894.

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The anarchist clubs did the best: Malato,
Les joyeusetés,
pp. 45–46, 96, adding that "so bitter was life in this little anarchist republic that those who composed it had only one desire: to leave"; DiPaola, "Italian Anarchists," pp. 220–31; National Archives of Britain, HO 144/587/B2840C, chief constable, Sept. 15, 1892.
discuss events back home: Murray Bookchin,
The Spanish Anarchists: The Heroic Years, 1868–1936
(San Francisco, 1998), pp. 107–8; Oliver,
The International Anarchist Movement,
pp. 84–85. The bomb in the Liceo Theater can of course also be considered as an originating or at least defining moment in the origins of modern terrorism.

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paranoia that swept Paris: Jean-Pierre Machelon,
La République,
p. 405, quoting P. Boilley, "L'idée anarchiste,"
Revue Bleue,
Dec. 23, 1893, P- 406; O'Squarr,
Les coulisses,
pp. 34–35, 97, 104–5, 116–18, 294; Georges Blond,
La grande armée du drapeau noir: Les anarchistes à travers le monde
(Paris, 1972), pp. 217–18; Ba 1115, Dec. 30, 1892; Varennes,
De Ravachol,
p. 7.

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The French journalist: Henri Rochefort,
The Adventures of My Life,
vol. 2 (London, 1896), pp. 400–401.

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The "associationalists": Bantman, "French Anarchist Exiles," pp. 213, 285, 294–95. Thanks also to Carl Levy.

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"audacious and determined": Ba 1115, Z.2 from London, Dec. 21 and 25, 1892.
"even somewhat intimate": Ba 1115, "Zob," Dec. 6, 1892.

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"to demonstrate his satisfaction": Ba 1504, Z.1, Oct. 17, 1894. "a solitary and fanatic": Ba 77, Aug. 11, 1892; Ba 1509, Sept. 16, 1894, "Diabolical Plots: Their Organization and Execution," written by a London inspector of police.
The "betrayer" also revealed: Ba 1115, letter from Orleans, Dec. 8 and of [smudged] Lacalee [?] or could be Zévaco, Dec. 10, 1892.
"Well! Although he": Rochefort,
The Adventures.

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"The bombs of Barcelona": Malato, "Some Anarchist Portraits," pp. 331–32.
Fiquefleur-Équainville: Ba 1115, Mar. 27 and 28 and May 2, 1894; Ba 1503, Jan. 26, Feb. 2, 17, 27, Mar. 13, Apr. 8, 15, May 27, and June 1, 9, 27, 1893,
Radical,
May 4, 1894; Ba 1503, "Léon," Apr. 15, 1894.

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to be back in Paris: F7 12516, report of Apr. 11, 1893; Ba 1115, minister of the interior, Feb. and Mar. 21, 1893, police report, Apr. 14, "Thanne," Aug. 16 and Sept. 2; police report, Oct. 26 (or Dec.), 1893; Ba 1085, reports of Oct. 14, 1892 and Sept. 25 and Dec. 8, 1893, Feb. 24 and Mar. 13, 1894, and
La Révolte,
Dec. 3, 1892; Ba 1115. Int. Feb. 20, Mar. 14, 21, 25, Apr. 12 and 21, 1893; F7 12516, Apr. 11 and Ba 1115, Apr. 14, 1893; Ba 1115, police report, May 23, 1893; "Thanne," Mar. 24, 1893; Ba 1115, Duthion, Feb. 17.

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the Belgian Workers' Party: Ba 1115, report of Pratz and Thiéry, Feb. 21, 1894;
Le Journal,
Feb. 27, 1894; Longoni,
Four Patients,
p. 152; Franz van Kalken,
Commotions populaires en Belgique, 1834–1902
(Brussels, 1936), pp. 133–40; Janet Polasky,
The Democratic Socialism of Émile Vandervelde: Between Reform and Revolution
(Oxford, 1995), pp. 27–29; E. H. Kossmann,
The Low Countries, 1/80–1940
(Oxford, 1988), p. 344; Jules Destrée and Émile Vandervelde,
Le socialisme en Belgique
(Paris, 1903), pp. 146–51; Louis Bertrand,
Histoire de la démocratie et du socialisme en Belgique depuis 1830,
vol. 2 (Brussels, 1907), pp. 491–94.

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"Ah! You didn't tell me": Halperin,
Félix Fénéon,
p. 394.
he was not a thief: Ba 1503, June 16, 1893.
in early July 1893: Ba 1115, police report, Feb. 15 and Mar. 4, 1894; Ba 78, July 6, 1893.
arrived in London from Paris: Ba 1115, Aug. 3 and 6, "Thanne," Sept. 2, 1893; Z.6, Aug. 18 and 19, Ba 1509, Jan. 12, 1894, "Populo."
"Émile Henry?": Ba 1115, Aug. 7, 1893 and Feb. 8, 9, and 10, 1894.

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Léon-Jules Léauthier: Ba 1115, "Z.6," London, Aug. 16, 18, and 22 or 23, and Sept. 2, 1893; "Z.6," Aug. 6, 1893; Oct. 26 (or Dec.), 1893; Ba 1085, report of Oct. 14, 1892, Sept. 25 and Dec. 8, 1893; Feb. 24 and Mar. 13, 1894; and
La Révolte,
Dec. 3, 1892; Ba 1509, "Z.6," Feb. 19, 1894. Francis told the police that Henry was still in London at the beginning of September. Ba 1503, Nov. 23, 1893.
The day before the attack: Varennes,
De Ravachol,
pp. 165–75; Maurice Garçon,
Histoire de la justice sous la Hie République,
I (Paris, 1957), p. 233; Sonn,
Anarchism and Cultural Politics,
pp. 121–22, quoting
L'Éclair,
Dec. 18, 1893, and 256.
The police intensified: Ba 77, list of anarchists, Apr. 1, 1892, etc., Mar. 23 and Aug. 11, 1892; Ba 1115, police report, Aug. 3, 16, 18, 21, and 23, 1893; "Z.6," Aug. 19, 1893; Ba 1509, "Z.6," Feb. 19, 1894. One report had Matha returning to London only on Aug. 19 from Paris, "where he left the brother of Fortuné."

6. Two Bombs

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August Vaillant, an unemployed: Ba 141, Auguste Vaillant; André Salmon,
La terreur
noire (Paris, 1959), pp. 294–98; Maitron,
Histoire de mouvement,
pp. 212–17; Varennes,
De Ravachol,
pp. 98–133.

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"Here's some news. 'The Aquarium' ": Leyret,
En plein faubourg,
p. 155.

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police obtained information: F712516, Dec. 11, 1893.
On Intellectual Complicity:
M. P. Fabreguettes,
De la complicité intellectuelle et des délits d'opinion: De la provocation et de l'apologie criminelle de la propaganda anarchiste
(Paris, 1894–95), PP- 6, 19–22, 34–35, especially chapter 8.
propaganda "by ideas": Guillaume Loubat,
Code de la législation contre les anarchistes
(Paris, 1895), p. 188.

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"scoundrelly" or "shameful" laws: Ba 1500, Jan. 5, 1894; Loubat,
Code de la législation,
passim; Machelon,
La République,
pp. 413–14, 436–40;
Journal Official,
Dec. 19, 1893; Manevy,
Sous les plis,
p. 140. See Eisenzweig,
Fictions,
pp. 300–302; searches, F7 12508.

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replicated in Italy and Spain: Levy, "The Anarchist Assassin," p. 10, noting that in Italy the anarchist attacks "opened the way for a reconciliation of the 'Extreme Left' (the socialists and the radicals) with the liberals, a turning point in Italian history"; George Eisenwein, "Sources of Anarchist Terrorism in Late-Nineteenth-Century Spain" (unpublished paper), pp. 9, 15. examined a dead rat: Ba 66, Girard, Dec. 23, 1893.
suspicion of being anarchists: F712504, Apr. 27, 1894, prefecture of police, "hang as a menace": Jensen, "Daggers, Rifles, and Dynamite," p. 138.

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Those arrested in Paris: Ba 1500; Machelon,
La République,
pp. 418–19, 432; Sonn,
Anarchism and Cultural Politics,
p. 20; F712508; Halperin,
Félix Fénéon,
p. 51; 432; Varennes,
De Ravachol,
pp. 140–45.
"personal friendship": Ibid., p. 101.
involved in a swindle: Fitzgerald, "Émile Pouget," p. 262; F713053, Moreau, commissaire special, "Anarchisme en France," 1897.
the overreaching efforts:
La Libre Parole,
Jan. 28, 1894.

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"staying at his side": F712504, Apr. 27, 1894, prefecture of police.
Vaillant went on trial: Ba 79, Jan. 29 and 30, 1894; Varennes,
De Ravachol,
pp. 108–33; Leyret,
En plein faubourg,
pp. 156–60.

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"a desolate stupefaction": Ibid., pp. 159–60.

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a Parisian family: Manevy,
Sous le plis,
p. 60.
"in the air" of the faubourgs; Leyret,
En plein faubourg,
pp. 153–54; Ba 79, Feb. 1, 1894.
Anything could happen next: Ba 79, Jan. 29, 1894.
the watchmaker's shop: Ba 1115, "Notices sur Émile Henry," Feb. 13, 1894.

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the Villa Faucheur:
Le Figaro,
Feb.
16
, 1894;
L'Éclair,
Feb. 17, 1894;
L'Écho de Paris,
Feb. 18, 1894;
Le Matin,
Feb. 16, 1894.
"Émile Dubois":
L'Intransigeant,
Feb. 17, 1894.

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The police grew increasingly: Ba 1115, "Populo," Jan. 15, 18, 23, and 24, 1894; "Léon," Feb. 4 and 6, 1894.
"Léon," an ace: Ba 1115, Feb. 11–12, 1894.
Adrienne Chailley: Ba 1115, "Léon," Feb. 8, and "Thanne," Feb. 8 and 9, 1894.

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"your friendship bothers me": Maitron,
Le mouvement anarchiste,
p. 239, citing a conversation with Madame Matha, July 28, 1946.
"for quite a while": Ba 1115, "Léon," Feb. 10 and 11, 1894;
L'Intransigeant,
Feb. 17, 1894.

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The bomb thrown on February 12: Ba 141, testimony;
L'Intransigeant
and
L'Éclair,
Feb. 14–15, 1894;
Le Matin,
Feb. 13, 1894;
Le XIXe Siècle,
Feb. 14, 1894;
L'Événement,
May 21, 1894; Ba 1115, police reports, Feb. 13 and Mar. 27, 1894; Varennes,
De Ravachol,
pp. 213–43.

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His clothes had been torn: Ba 1115, reports of guards, Feb. 18, 1894;
L'Éclair,
Feb. 15, 1894.

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notified the prefect:
L'Éclair,
Feb. 15, 1894.

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the Café Terminus had been blocked:
Le XIXe Siècle, L'Intransigeant, L'Éclair,
Feb. 14, 1894.
taken into the receiving room: Ba 1113, police report, Feb. 13, 1894.

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the "anthropomorphic" department: Ba 141, Feb. 13, 1894, 2:30
A.M.;
Observations anthropométriques
in Ba 1115, noting various small scars, and giving his height at five feet, three inches.
to see Judge Meyer: F7 12517;
Le Matin,
Feb. 13, 1894.
He invoked "legitimate defense": Ba 1115,
fichier,
and reports of Feb. 13, 1894;
L'Éclair,
Feb. 15, 1894.
Two of the guards: Ba 1115, report of Feb. 14, 1894, and
chef de service
of the Conciergerie, Feb. 14, 1894, 2:30
A.M.