The Fall of Carthage (66 page)
Sacrifice
to
Melquart,
Polybius
31.
12;
religion
and
culture,
Picard
&
Picard
(1987), pp.
35-50,
Lancel
(1995),
pp.
193-256,
esp.
245-56.
Picard
&
Picard
(1987),
pp.
56-124,
Lancel
(1995),
pp.
78-102.
Exploration
&
colonization,
see
Picard
&
Picard
(1987),
pp.
91-100,
Lancel
(1995), pp.
100-109;
the
Neapolis
of
fourth-century
Carthage,
141-2.
Lancel
(1995),
pp.
269-88;
Agathocles,
Diodorus Siculus
20.
8.
3-4.
Contrast
Picard
&
Picard
(1987),
pp.
125-81
with
the
more
up
to
date
view
in
Lancel (1995),
pp.
111-21.
Pyrrhus'
lost
manual,
Plutarch,
Pyrrhus
8;
on
Hellenistic
warfare
in
general
see F.
Adcock,
The Greek and Macedonian Art
of
War
(Berkeley,
1957).
On
ship
construction
and
naval
warfare
see
chapter
5;
for
Carthage's
harbour
see
Lancel (1995),
pp.
172-8,
H.
Hurst,
'Excavations
at
Carthage,
1977-8',
Antiquaries' Journal
59
(1979),
pp.
19-.9.
Lonchophoroi,
e.g.
Polybius
3.
72.
3,
83.
3,
84.
14;
for
a
discussion
of
the
poor
evidence
for
Punic
armies
see
J.
Lazenby,
Hannibal's War
(Warminster,
1978),
pp.
14-16;
for
an
interesting
discussion
of
Gallic,
Spanish
and
other
tribal
contingents
in
Hannibal's
army
see
L.
Rawlings,
'Celts,
Spaniards,
and
Samnites:
Warriors
in
a
Soldiers'
War',
in
Cornell,
B.
Rankov
&
P.
Sabin,
The Second Punic War. A Reappraisal
British
Institute of
Classical
Studies
Supplement
67
(London,
1996),
pp.
81-95.
D.
Head,
Armies
of
the Macedonian and Punic Wars
attempts
to
reconstruct
Punic
equipment
and
organization in
some
detail,
but
many
of
his
conclusions
are
highly
conjectural.
Exchange
of
troops
in
218,
Polybius
3.
33.
5-16.
Note
the
difficulties
in
communicating with
each
other
in
the
rebellious
army
during
the
Mercenary
War,
Polybius
1.
67.
3-13, 69.
9-13.
Marriage
alliances
between
Punic
aristocrats
and
Numidian
royalty,
e.g.
Polybius
1.
78. 1-9,
Livy
29.
23.
2-8;
in
Spain,
DS
25.
12,
Livy
24.
51.
7,
Silius
Italicus
3.
97,106.
Autaritus'
Gauls,
Polybius
2.
7.
6-11.
500
Numidians,
Livy
26.
38.
11-14;
Libyans
at
Saguntum,
Livy
21.
11.
8;
Gauls
at Tarentum,
Polybius
8.
30.
1;
speirai
at
Cannae,
Polybius
3.
114.
4,
cf.
6.
24.
5.
For
war
elephants
in
general
see
H.
Scullard,
The Elephant in the Greek and Roman World
(London,
1974);
Raphia,
see
Polybius
5.
84.
2-7.
See
chapter
12.
A
good
recent
survey
of
early
Roman
history
is
T.
Cornell,
The Beginnings
of
Rome
(London,
1995).
On
this
period
see
Cornell
(1995),
pp.
345-68,
&
S.
Oakley,
The
Roman
Conquest
of Italy',
in
J.
Rich
&
G.
Shipley,
War and Society in the Roman World
(London,
1993), pp.
9-37;
refusal
to
negotiate
with
Pyrrhus,
Plutarch,
Pyrrhus
18-20.
On
aristocratic
funerals
see
Polybius
6.
53-4.
Factions
dominate
most
modern
accounts
of
the
Punic
Wars,
e.g.
B.
Caven,
The Punic Wars
(London,
1980),
pp.
20,
83-4,
and
to
a
lesser
extent
Lazenby
(1978),
pp.
4,108. H.
Scullard,
Roman politics 220-150
BC
(London,
1951)
represents
an
extreme
form
of this
view.
Polybius'
famous
description,
Polybius
6.
11-19,
43-58,
and
F.
Walbank,
A Historical
[3
vols]
(Oxford,
1970),
pp.
673-97,
724-746.
For
Roman politics
in
general
see
M.
Gelzer,
The Roman 'Nobility
(London,
1968),
M.
Crawford,
The Roman Republic
(Glasgow,
1978),
P.
Brunt,
Social Conflicts in the Roman Republic
(London,
1978),
pp.
1-73,
F.
Millar,
The
political
character
of
the
Classical
Roman Republic',
Journal
of
Roman Studies
74
(1984),
pp.
1-19,
and
T.
Wiseman
(ed.),
Roman Political Life 90
BC-AD
69
(Exeter,
1985).
For
a
good
introduction
to
the
development
of
the
Roman
army
see
L.
Keppie,
The
Making
of
the Roman Army
(London,
1984),
E.
Gabba,
Republican Rome: The Army
and Allies
(Berkeley,
1976),
A.
Goldsworthy,
Roman Warfare
(London,
2000),
Adcock,
The Roman Art
of
War under the Republic
(Cambridge,
1960),
and
Rawson,
'The
literary
sources
for
the
pre-Marian
Roman
Army',
Papers
of
the British
39
(1971),
pp.
13-31.
Polybius
6.
19-42,
and
Walbank
1
(1970)
pp.
697-723.
Polybius
11.
23.
1,
33,1,
and
Walbank
2
(1970),
p.
302.
See
also
M.
Bell,
Tactical Reform
in
the
Roman
Republican
Army',
Historia
14
(1965),
pp.
404-22.