The Fall of Carthage (78 page)

Livy
26.
40.
15-16

Marcius
as
propraetor senatui,
Livy
26.
2.
1-6;
Nero,
26.
17.
1-2,
Appian
The Wars in Spain.
17;
his
campaign,
Livy
26.
17.
2-16.

Scipio's
appointment
to
the
Spanish
command,
Livy
26.
18.
1-19.
9,
and
H.
Scullard,
Scipio Africanus: Soldier and Politician
(London,
1970),
p.
31;
for
interpretations
based on
factional
politics
see
J.
Lazenby,
Hannibal's War
(Warminster,
1978),
p.
133
and

Scipio's
character,
Polybius
10.
2.
1-5.
10,
and
Scullard
(1970),
pp.
18-23,
27-32.
On the
virtues
attributed
to
Scipio
and
later
Roman
commanders
see
S.
Weinstock,
Divus Julius
(Oxford,
1971),
passim,
esp.
pp.
35-6,
113,136,
228,
224.

Scipio's
forces,
Polybius
10.
6.
7,9.
6,
Livy
26.
19.
10;
for
Punic
dispositions
contrast Polybius
10.
7.
5.

Seven-day
march,
Polybius
10.
9.
7;
Scipio's
speech,
Polybius
10.
11.
5-8,
Livy
26.
43. 2-8.

Polybius
10.
9.
8-10.
13,
12.
1-11,
Iivy
26.
44.
1-4.

Proximity
of
Punic
armies,
Polybius
10.
7.
5;
Scipio's
direction
of
the
assault,
Polybius 10.
13.
1-5.

On
the
difficulty
of
renewing
an
assault
after
a
failure
see
Josephus,
Bellum Judaicum
3. 280-88,4.
30-53,62-83,
6.
29-67,131-148.

Polybius
10.
13.
6-15.
7,
Iivy
26.
44.
5-46.
10.
See
also
A.
Ribera,
I
Lacomba
con M.
Calvo
Galvez,
'La
primera
evidencia
arqueol6gica
de
la
destruction
de
Valentia
por Pompeyo',
Journal
of
Roman Archaeology
8
(1995),
pp.
19-40
for
evidence
of
Roman atrocities,
although
in
this
case
committed
during
a
civil
war.

Polybius
10.
15.
8-17.
16,
Iivy
26.
47.
1-49.
10.
For
discussion
of
Roman
plundering see
A.
Ziolkowski'
Urbs direpta,
or
how
the
Romans
sacked
cities',
in
J.
Rich
and
M. Shipley,
War and Society in the Roman World
(London,
1993),
pp.
69-91,
although
not all
his
conclusions
have
been
generally
accepted.

E.g.
Lazenby
(1978),
pp.
136-7,
F.
Walbank,
A Historical Commentary on Polybius
2 (Oxford,
1970),
pp.
192-6,
Scullard
(1970),
pp.
39-67.

Polybius
10.
18.
1-19.
7,
Livy
26.
49.
11-50.
14,
cf.
Plutarch,
Alexander 21.

Polybius
10.
20.
1-8,
Livy
26.
51.
3-14.

Polybius
10.
38.
7-10.

Battle
and
aftermath,
Polybius
10.
39.
1^*0.
12,
Livy
27.
17.
1-20.
8;
the
mention
of
calones
fighting,
27.
18.
12.

The
defeat
of
Hanno,
Livy
28.
1.
1-2.
12;
the
campaign
in
Baetica,
28.
1.
13-4.
4.

Polybius
11.
20.
1-9,
Livy
28.
12.
10-13.
5.

Polybius
11.
21.
1-6,
Livy
28.
13.
6-10.

Polybius
11.
21.
7-24.
9,
Livy
28.
14.
1-15.
11.

For
discussion
of
the
location
of
the
battle
and
Scipio's
manoeuvre
see
Lazenby
(1978), pp.
147-9,
Walbank
2
(1970),
pp.
296-304,
and
Scullard
(1970),
pp.
88-92.

Livy
28.
15.
12-16.
13.

Polybius
11.
25.
1-33.
6,
Livy
28.
19.
1-29.
12,
31.
5-35.
12.
See
also
S.
Dyson,
The Creation
of
the Roman Frontier
(Princeton,
1985),
pp.
184-7.

Polybius
11.
24.
1-4,
Livy
28.
16.
11-12,16.
14-18.
12,
35.
1-13.

Livy
28.
38.
6-12,
40.
1-45.
10,
Plutarch
Fabius Maximus
25-26;
rumour
that
Scipio would
bring
a
bill
before
the
People,
28.
45.
1.

Volunteers
and
contributions
from
allied
communities,
Livy
28.
45.
13-46.
1;
size
of army
taken
to
Africa,
29.
25.
1-4.
J.
Lazenby,
Hannibal's War
(Warminster,
1978), p.
203
is
reluctant
to
accept
the
large
size
of
the
legions
claimed
by
Livy,
but
does
not provide
convincing
arguments
to
justify
his
decision.

Laelius'
expedition,
Livy
29.
1.
14,
2.
7-5.
1;
intensive
training
in
Sicily,
29.
1.
2-14, 22.
1-5;
criticism
of
Scipio's
delay,
Lazenby
(1978),
pp.
195-6;
the
supply
of
Scipio's expedition,
see
J.
Roth,
The Logistics
of
the Roman Army at War
(Brill,
1999),
pp.
161, 226.

Livy
29.
6.
1-9.
12.

Livy
29.
15.
4-21.
13,
Plutarch
Cato the Elder
3;
different
versions
of
the
fate
of Pleminius,
Livy
29.
22.
7-10.