The Fall of Carthage (81 page)

Appian,
Punic Wars
69,
Plutarch,
Cato the Elder
26-7,
Livy
Per.
47,
and
A.
Astin,
Cato the Elder
(Oxford,
1978),
pp.
125-30.

For
the
wars
in
Spain
see
S.
Dyson,
The Creation
of
the Roman Frontier
(Princeton,
1985), pp.
199-218;
Scipio
Aemilianus
in
151,
Polybius
35.
4.
1-14;
Galba,
Appian,
Hispania.
60.

For
Flamininus
see
Polybius
18.
11.
1-12.
5.

For
Masinissa's
character
see
Polybius
36.
16.
1-12,
Appian,
Punic Wars
106.
See
Picard &
Picard
(1987),
p.
272
for
a
useful
comparison
with
the
attitudes
in
modern
times
of former
colonies
to
their
old
masters.

Appian,
Punic Wars
67-9;
Polybius
31.
21.
1-8
and
for
a
discussion
of
the
dating
of
this incident
and
others
described
by
Livy
see
F.
Walbank,
A Historical Commentary on Polybius
3
(Oxford,
1970),
pp.
489-91;
see
also
B.
Caven,
The Punic Wars
(1980),

Appian,
Punic Wars 70-73.

Appian,
Punic Wars
74.

Polybius
36.
1.
1-6.
6,
Appian,
Punic Wars 75.
The
'sixteen'
captured
from
Perseus, Livy
45.
35.

Appian,
Punic Wars
76-90.
Cicero
noted
Censorinus'
tendency
towards
Platonism, Cicero,
Acad. 2.
32.
102.

Appian,
Punic Wars
95-6;
for
the
archaeological
evidence
see
S.
Lancel,
Carthage
(1995),
pp.
415-19,
and
'L'enceinte
periurbaine
de
Carthage
lors
de
la
troisieme
guerre punique',
Studia Phoenicia,
X:
Punic Wars,
pp.
251-78.

The
Roman
forces,
Appian,
Punic Wars
75,
cf.
P.
Brunt,
Italian Manpower
(Oxford, 1971),
p.
428
and
Appendix
26,
Appian,
Punic Wars 93.

Appian,
Punic Wars 97.

Appian,
Punic Wars
98;
it
was
common
practice
in
the
later
Roman
army
to
exploit
the rivalry
between
different
units
and
branches
of
the
service,
e.g.
Caesar,
Bellum Gallicum
1.
39-41,
Josephus,
Bellum Judaicum
5.
502-3,
Tacitus
Hist.
3.
24,
5.
16,
Inscriptions Latinae Selectae
5795.

Scipio's
early
life
and
character,
Polybius
31.
25.
2-30.
3;
actions
in
151,
Polybius
35.
4. 8-5.
2;
in
general
see
A.
Astin,
Scipio Aemilianus
(Oxford,
1967),
pp.
12-47.

Appian,
Punic Wars 99.

Appian,
Punic Wars
100.

Appian,
Punic Wars
101-09.
For
the
identification
of
Nepheris
with
the
area
of
Djebel Zaghouan,
see
Lancel
(1995),
p.
419.

Appian,
Punic Wars
110-11.

Appian,
Punic Wars
112.

See
B.
Caven,
The Punic Wars
(London,
1980),
pp.
282-3,
Astin
(1967),
pp.
48-60
for first
year
of
the
war,
61-9
for
Scipio's
election.

Appian,
Punic Wars
113-14.

Appian,
Punic Wars
115-18.

Appian,
Punic Wars
119-20;
unfair
distribution
of
supplies,
Polybius
38.
8.
11.

Appian,
Punic Wars
121-3,
Lancel
(1995),
pp.
422-4.

E.g.
Antonius
Primus
in
AD
69,
Tacitus,
Histories
3.
17.

Appian,
Punic Wars
124-6.

Appian,
Punic Wars
127-30;
for
the
archaeology
of
this
area
see
Lancel
(1995), pp.
156-72,425-6.

Appian,
Punic Wars
130-1;
Polybius'
portrayal
of
Hasdrubal
38.
7.
1-8.
15.

Appian,
Punic Wars
132-5;
on
the
survival
of
some
remains
from
Punic
Carthage
see Lancel
(1995),
pp.
428-9.

Appian,
Punic Wars
132.

For
the
later
career
of
Scipio
Aemilianus
see
Astin
(1967),
pp.
80-241;
the
capture
of Numantia,
Appian,
The Wars in Spain.
90-91;
rumours
concerning
his
death,
see Appian,
Bellum Civile
1.
19-20,
Astin
(1967),
p.
241.

The
Elder
Pliny
rated
Caesar
as
the
greatest
Roman
commander
because
he
had
won more
battle
s
than
anyone
else,
Natural History 7.
91-2,
cf.
Plutarch
Caesar
15,
Appian,
Bellum Civile 2.
149-154.

Josephus,
Bellum Judaicum
6.
403-8
for
end
of
siege
of
Jerusalem.

On
Roman
involvement
in
Greece
and
the
creation
of
the
province
of
Macedonia
see R.
Kallet
Marx,
Hegemony to Empire
(California,
1996),
pp.
57-96.

Qui vincit non est victor nisi victus fatebur,
Ennius,
Fragment.
31,
493.

P.
Brunt,
Italian Manpower
(Oxford,
1971),
pp.
422-34.

Trophies
taken
from
temples
after
Cannae,
Livy
22.
57.
10-11.