The Grand Inquisitor's Manual (51 page)

Languedoc, France, 43, 46, 169; Albigensian Crusade, 45, 50, 60–61; atrocities, 49–50, 56; Conrad of Marburg in, 58–59; Jews in, 46; massacre in, 48–49; resistance to Inquisition, 87–88

Lardner, Ring, Jr., 250

Lauragais, France, 76

Lavaur, France, 49–50, 76

lawyers, 79–80

Lea, Henry Charles, 1, 7, 8, 10, 16, 17, 55, 57, 66, 69, 71, 74, 75, 82, 83, 84, 100, 107, 118–19, 121, 151, 159, 209, 210, 211

legatine inquisition, 58–60, 63

Le Mans, France, 27

Leo IX, Pope, 22–23

Leo X, Pope, 186

Leutard, 27

Louis XIV, King of France, 202

Lucerne, Switzerland, 153

Luther, Martin, 159, 160, 211

Machiavelli, 160

machinery of persecution, 138; in culture war, 159; difficulty of stopping, 239; of Inquisition, 61, 82, 89–90, 135, 236; Inquisition as blueprint for, 213; king of France and, 143; as lawful, 61; McCarthyism and, 248, 253–54; of Nazi Germany, 15, 209, 236; secular government’s use of, Spain, 55; of Stalinist Russia, 209, 236; of U. S. war on terror, 257–58

Madrid, Spain, 56, 196; auto-da-fé, 196, 198–201; Napoleon abolishes Inquisition, 203–4; Palace of the Inquisition, 197, 203, 216

Maimonides, 168

Manichaeans, 33, 35

manuals and handbooks, 6, 11, 16, 41, 56, 92, 100–101, 113–14, 126, 144; “devices and deceits” for inquisitors, 84; on escapees, 14; Eymerich’s, 79–80, 103, 111, 151, 176, 190; Gui’s, 8, 9, 65–66, 75–76, 138, 151;
Hammer of Witches
, 146–47; interrogation records used as, 77;
Practica officii inquisitionis heretice pravitatis
, 66; Spanish,
instrucciónes
, 178–79, 201

Manuel, King of Portugal, 180

Map, Walter, 30

Marie Louise of Spain, 196, 199, 201

Marseilles, France, 135

Martin, Sean, 49–50

Mascar of Padua, Brother, 122

Massey, John, 184

Mather, Increase, 245

Matthew, Gospel of, 37

McCarthy, Joseph R., 248, 253, 254

McCarthy era and Communist “witch hunt,” 248–54

Merchant of Venice
(Shakespeare), 171

Mexico: Spanish Inquisition and, 55, 204

Michelangelo, 13

Miller, Arthur, 241, 244, 252, 253

Minerve, France, 49–50

Mirror of Simple Souls, The
(Porete), 137, 138

Montesquieu, Charles-Louis, 187, 187n

Moore, R. I., 15, 212–13

Morel, George, 134

Murrow, Edward R., 253

Muslims: burning of books, 183; converts, 5, 10, 13, 14; Crusades and, 45, 61, 172; expulsion from Spain, 14, 181; as “filth,” 45; Moriscos, 176n, 182–83; prosecution in U.S. after 9/11, 255; purity of blood and, 195; as Saracens, 61, 115; in Spain, 173–74, 182–83; Spanish Inquisition and, 14, 255

Napoleon Bonaparte, 203–4

Narbonne, Archbishop of, 24

Navarre, Spain, 152

Navasky, Victor, 249

Netanyahu, Benzion, 193

Netherlands, 17

New World: auto-da-fés in, 180, 184; Inquisition ends in, 204; Inquisition in, 14, 55, 179, 180, 199, 204

Nicetas (Papa Nicetas), 39

Nicholas V, Pope, 168

1984
(Orwell), 8, 9

notaries, 77, 78, 79, 103–4, 212

Olivi, Peter John, 160

ordeal, 101–5; by fire, 105, 107, 216; by water, 104–5, 107, 216, 239, 256

Origins of the Spanish Inquisition, The
(Netanyahu), 193–94

Orléans, France: cult of, 19–22, 41, 43, 57; Joan of Arc and, 155

Orwell, George, 8, 9, 209

paganism and folkways, 25–26, 150–51

Paris, 66, 91, 141; burning of Knights Templar, 140, 144; burning of Marguerite Porete, 137, 141

Paul, St., 4

Paul III, Pope, 159

Paul IV, Pope, 66

Penal Colony, The
(Kafka), 204

Peter Martyr of Verona, St., 89, 114

Peter of Aragón, 50

Peter of Castelnau, 47–48, 59, 114

Peters, Edward, 134, 213

Petrarch, 30

Philip Augustus, King of France, 47

Philip IV, King of France (Philip the Fair), 139–41, 158, 168, 171

Philip V, King of Spain, 186, 202–3

Phillip II, King of Spain, 184

Pius V, Pope, 66

Pius XII, Pope (Eugenio Pacelli), 221–22

Poe, Edgar Allan, 203

Polignac, Jacque de, 122

Polo, Marco, 31

Pons, Bernard, 80–81

Porete, Marguerite, 137, 141

Portugal, 174, 180; Goa, 55, 180, 204; Inquisition, 55, 180, 202

Power and the Glory, The
(Greene), 13

Priscillian of Ávila, 214

prisons and dungeons, 69;
agent provocateur
and, 100; bread and water, 99, 100, 124; bribery of guards, 123; conditions, 99, 122–24; confinement and confession, 99; confinement prior to proceedings, 99; cost, 124; escapees, 125; incarceration as common punishment, 7, 85, 86, 96, 122–25, 131; incarceration as death sentence, 124; incarceration lengths, 72–73, 96, 122;
murus largus, strictus
,
strictissimus
, 123–24; “perpetual imprisonment in chains,” 78, 86, 122; Spanish, 190, 203; torture in, 92, 104

Proctor, John, 244, 254

Protestant Reformation, 5, 134, 159, 183–84, 189, 241

psychological torture, 73, 99–100, 103–4

punishments, 6; “abandonment,” 63, 64, 85, 86, 102, 114, 125–26; “acts of contrition,” 115; badges, 85, 86, 115–17, 125, 171; bargaining for lighter, 115; burning, 2, 7, 9, 10, 15, 21, 63, 85–86, 89, 125–32, 136, 137, 141, 144, 155, 168, 171, 177–78, 180, 184, 189, 196–202, 212 (
see also
auto-da-fé); compulsory pilgrimages, 85, 86, 90, 115, 131; confession and, 127; confiscation of property, 10–11, 63, 72, 85, 99, 117–22, 124, 135; of dead bodies, 10, 87;
debita animadversione puniendum
, 15; destruction of houses, 85, 118; distinctive garments, 171; euphemisms, 85; excommunication, 63; expulsion from office, 63, 85; for fautorship, 69; of Galileo, 165; by Gui, 86, 131; heirs dispossessed, 87; imprisonment, 7, 85, 86, 96, 122–25, 131; ingenuity of, 116; to inspire terror, 126; of Joan of Arc, 158; of Knights Templar, 144; as lawful, 122; mercy and, 124–25; miscellaneous, 131; “penances,” 7, 64, 85, 113; “perpetual imprisonment in chains,” 78, 86, 122; precise formulas for judgments, 7–8; as public spectacle, 84–86; purpose of, 14; questions asked, 7; relapse into heresy and, 78; for reluctance to cooperate, 69; severity, factors in, 114; Spanish Inquisition and, 199; threats to secular officials (“defenders of heretics”), 126.
See also
torture/torture methods

purgatorio canonica
, 80

Putnam, Ann, 246, 247

Quakers (Society of Friends), 243

Radulovich, Milo, 253

Rankin, John, 250

Raymond IV, Count, 45–46, 49, 51, 59

Recordi, PIerre, 145

Redeschi, John and Anne, 211–12

resistance to the Inquisition, 77, 87–90, 99, 114

Revelation, 31, 170

Rigaud, Saurine, 71

Ripoll, Cayetano, 204–5

Robert le Bougre, 67, 131–32, 146, 210

Robert the Pious, King of France, 20, 21

Roman and Universal Inquisition, 2, 5, 6, 54, 55, 159–66; Congregation of the Holy Office, 161; culture wars and, 160–66; establishment, 1542, 159; headquartered in the Vatican, 216; prohibited books, 160, 161, 163; in today’s church, 5.
See also
Inquisition

Roman Catholic Church, 5n; absolution for inquisitors, 83–84, 112–13; acknowledges errors in burning Joan of Arc, 207–8; baptism in water, 62; Bible and, 28, 30; burning at the stake mandated, 89;
Canon episcopi
, 145, 146; Congregation of the Holy Office, 67, 161; corruption in, 24; Council of Vienne (1312), 136; cult of the Virgin Mary, 26, 162, 194; Great Schism, 23; Gregorian Reform, 28–29; Holocaust and, 221–22; ignorance and sinfulness of priests, 24–25; lawyer-popes, 53, 56, 61; as monopoly of faith, 62, 138, 159; official dogma, as unclear, 9–10, 22–30; papal bull,
Excommunicamus
(1229), 79; papal bull,
Vox in rama
, 60; papal bull of 1206, 44; papal bull of 1260, 65; papal decree,
Ad extirpanda
, 89, 94; papal decree,
Excommunicamus
, 63; popes, former inquisitors as, 66, 79; popes and inquisitors, intimacy of, 65; prohibited books, 160, 161, 163; prohibition against incest, 29; reformation and heresy, 27–29; rivalry with kings and emperors, 23; Sacred Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, 5, 54, 208; sexual fantasies of priests, 33, 41; thought control, 74, 146, 191–92, 205, 208, 209; torture sanctioned, 17, 89, 94, 112; transubstantiation, 44, 62, 162; Tribunal of the Holy Office, 177; triune God, 62; witch-bull, 145–46, 147; wizardry/sorcery banned, 144

Rome (Imperial): black magic criminalized, 144; core idea of Inquisition and, 56; defamation of early Christians, 12, 41;
inquisitio
of, 73; legal procedures, 52–53, 60; torture and, 94, 101

Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 247

Roth, Cecil, 6–7, 173, 175, 179, 201, 210, 227, 229

Rouen, France, 156

Russia, Stalinist: anti-Semitism in, 227, 236–38; confessions, 229–30, 231; cult of personality and, 230–31; death toll, 214, 235; dehumanizing of victims, 230, 233; euphemisms, 9, 233; Great Terror, 6, 228, 230, 233–35, 237; Gulag of, 3, 214, 233, 235; Inquisition and, 209; looting of victim’s property, 119; persecutions as lawful, 235, 238–39; persecutions, non-Jewish, 237–38; recanting by victims, 231; show trials, 8, 227, 229, 230, 232; thought-crimes, 238; torture, 230, 236; trumped up charges, 230

Ruthven, Malise, 96, 102

sadism, 16, 58, 66, 95, 107–8, 109, 110, 153–54

Saint-Félix-de-Caraman, France, 39

Salavert, Guillem, 96

Salazar y Frias, Alonzo, 146, 188

sanbenito
, 197–98, 199, 200, 201–2

Santayana, George, 236

Savonarola, 130, 160

Schrecker, Ellen, 252–53

Scoundrel Time
(Hellman), 249

Secrecy and Deceit
(Gitlitz), 194

secret accusations, 73, 78–81, 80n, 96–97, 191; U. S., of terror suspects, 256–57

secret courts, 3, 8, 73

secret interrogations, 77

secret investigations, 73

secret police, 3, 70, 89, 91–92; comparison of, 236; Nazi Germany, 216, 236; Soviet, 228, 229, 230, 234, 235, 236

secret trials: Inquisition, 81–82; U. S., of terror suspects, 256–57

sentencing, 82, 116; of Galileo, 165; by Gui, 131; as public spectacle, 84–85; review of, 83.
See also
punishments

Seville, Spain, 177, 184–85, 189, 204

Sewall, Samuel, 246

Shakespeare, William, 171

shrine of St. James of Compostela, 115

Shteppa, Konstantin, 234

simony, 28, 73

Sixtus IV, Pope, 177

sorcery and alchemy, 54, 57, 60

Soviet Union.
See
Russia

Spain: anti-Semitism, 173–76, 176n, 177–78, 180, 181, 182, 194–96; bishop of Segovia, 179; chilling effect of Inquisition, 210; Columbus’s voyage, 165–66;
convivencia
, 169, 173, 181, 183; Muslims in, 173–74, 182–83; “purity of blood,” 15, 194–96, 218; War of Spanish Succession, 185–86; witches/witchcraft in, 188

Spanish Inquisition, 5, 6, 80n, 166, 167–205; accused and legal counsel, 191; book banning, 183, 184, 187; burning of victims, 56, 85–86, 132, 180, 184, 186, 189, 196–202; charges against the dead, 178; confession and torture, 96–97;
consulta de fé
, 191; dates of, 55, 169, 177; death toll, 202; Edict of Grace, 189, 189n; ending, 202–5; Englishman burned alive, 184, 241; evidence against Jews and Muslims, 183; exotic heresies, 184–85; “first sketch of the Inquisition” and, 61; Freemasonry, 185, 208; as instrument of state terror, 185; interrogation, 167; Jewish persecution, 14, 55, 166, 174–84, 192–96; last victim, 204–5;
La Suprema
, 178, 188, 191, 210, 216; machinery of persecution, 55; manuals, 178–79, 201; mission of, 201; in the New World, 55; ordeal of Elvira del Campo, 210; persecution of sexual deviancy, 188; proceedings, 189–91; Protestants targeted, 183–84, 189; punishments, lesser, 199; “purity of blood” and
conversos
, 5, 55, 174–84, 176n, 186, 192, 193–96, 202, 210, 221, 247;
quemadero
, 197, 199; secrecy, 191; secular government’s use of, 55, 185–89;
tierras de herejes
, 187; Torquemada, 64, 67, 173, 176, 179, 181–82; torture, 104, 190, 210; tribunals, 178; witches, 152, 188; women victimized, 202; as zenith and beginning of decline of Inquisition, 15

Spanish Inquisition, The
(Roth), 6–7, 227, 229

Spengler, Johann, 146, 148, 153

Spinoza, Baruch, 180, 213

spirituali
(Spirituals), 135–36, 137

Sprenger, Johann, 146

Stalin, Joseph, 6, 228, 230–33, 236, 237

Starkey, Marion L., 244, 245

Switzerland, 152–53, 154

Tack, John, 184

Tanchelm of Antwerp, 27, 28

Teresa of Ávila, 185

Toledo, Spain, 183, 184, 189, 202

Torquemada, Juan de, 192

Torquemada, Tomás de, 64, 67, 173, 175, 176, 179, 181–82, 192, 236, 247

torture, 6, 73, 76, 93–132; in America, 244, 256; of children, 76, 111; Church sanctions, 17, 89, 94; classic legal definition, 101; confessions under, 11, 81, 96–103, 110, 145; duration of, 16, 106; ecclesiastical courts and, 16; English,
peine forte et dure
, 242, 244–45; euphemisms, 97–98, 239; fire as, 105, 107, 216; five degrees of severity, 93–94, 98, 106, 153; Galileo and, 164; “heretic’s fork,” 108;
judicium secularum
, 9;
La Pera
(the Pear), 2–3, 109, 217; as lawful, 94, 111, 112; legitimized by the Inquisition, 210; Nazi Germany, 216–17; ordeal vs., 101–3; process, 103–5; psychological, 103–4; records, 103–4, 212, 217; red-hot iron, 97, 102; rope, 107; sadism and, 16, 95, 107–8, 109, 110, 153–54; secrecy of, 8, 112–13, 210; in secular courts, 16; sleep deprivation, 107; Spanish Inquisition, 104, 190, 210; Stalinist Russia, 230; standard operating procedures, 16;
stivaletto
, 106–7; strappado, 97, 105–6, 212, 216, 230, 236; terror and, 97, 103; theater of, 104, 108; tongs, 108–9; used on first Christians, 94; victims blamed for, 98; water/waterboarding, 4, 104–5, 107, 216, 239, 256; wheel and rack, 97, 106, 108, 110; of witches, 153–54