The History Buff's Guide to World War II (60 page)

89
. Charles Rearick,
The French in Love and War
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1997), 259.

CHAPTER 5: IN RETROSPECT

1
. Lyn Schumaker, “Malaria,” in
Medicine in the 20th Century
, eds. Roger Cooter and John Pickstone (Amsteldijk, Holland: Harwood, 2000), 713.

2
. Ernest Volkman,
Science Goes to War
(New York: Wiley, 2002), 178. Churchill quoted in Gordon Wright,
The Ordeal of Total War, 1939–1945
(New York: Harper & Row, 1968), 79.

3
. James F. Dunnigan and Albert A. Nofi,
Dirty Little Secrets of World War II
(New York: Morrow, 1994), 97–98; Gerhard L. Weinberg,
A World at Arms
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 539.

4
. Daniel R. Headrick,
The Tools of Empire
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1981), 101; Keith Robbins,
The First World War
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1984), 100–101; Daniel Yergin,
The Prize
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991), 154–160.

5
. Wright,
The Ordeal of Total War
, 84–85.

6
. John Campbell, ed.,
The Experience of World War II
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 120; Richard Overy,
Why the Allies Won
(New York: Norton, 1995), 50–52.

7
. J. Garry Clifford and Samuel R. Spencer Jr.,
The First Peacetime Draft
(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1986), 8.

8
. Ibid., 10.

9
. See also Albert A. Blum,
Drafted or Deferred: Practices Past and Present
(Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1967).

10
. For an in-depth analysis of the 1940 presidential election, see Warren Moscow,
Roosevelt and Willkie
(Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1968).

11
. Michael D. Pearlman,
Warmaking and American Democracy
(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1999), 240.

12
. Ronald H. Spector,
Eagle Against the Sun
(New York: Free Press, 1983), 158–63.

13
. The first carrier from either side to be sunk in the war was the British light carrier
Hermes
, sunk April 9, 1942, off of Ceylon by Japanese patrol planes.

14
. Edwin P. Hoyt,
Japan’s War
(New York: McGraw-Hill, 1986), 281–83; John Toland,
The Rising Sun
(New York: Random House, 1970), 402–5.

15
. Jeffrey Ethell and Alfred Price,
World War II Fighting Jets
(Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1994), 9–13.

16
. Robert Jackson,
Fighter: The Story of Air Combat, 1936–1945
(New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1979), 147–57; Williamson Murray,
Strategy for Defeat: The Luftwaffe, 1933–1945
(Maxwell, AL: Air University Press, 1983), 252–53. The four jets that flew in wartime operations were the Me-262, He-162, the German bomber Arado 234 (which functioned better as a reconnaissance plane), and the twin-engine British Gloster Meteor (employed mostly as a V-1 interceptor). The United States produced the Bell XP-59A Comet in 1942, but it never saw action. See Ethell and Price,
World War II Fighting Jets
, 204.

17
. Michael J. Neufeld,
The Rocket and the Reich: Peenemünde and the Coming of the Ballistic Missile Era
(New York: Free Press, 1995), 274.

18
. For technical specifications on the V-1, see I. C. B. Dear, ed.,
The Oxford Companion to World War II
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 1249–50.

19
. Winston Churchill,
Triumph and Tragedy
(New York: Bantam Books, 1953), 34.

20
. Neufeld,
The Rocket and the Reich
, 274; Albert Speer,
Inside the Third Reich
(New York: Bonanza Books, 1982), 355–56. Account of Hitler’s brush with a V-1 in William L. Shirer,
The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich
(New York: Fawcett Crest, 1962), 1350–51.

21
. Churchill,
Triumph and Tragedy
, 42–45; Alfred W. Crosby,
Throwing Fire: Projectile Technology Through History
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 163–65; Neufeld,
The Rocket and the Reich
, 273–74.

22
. Einstein’s complete letter in Erik Bruun and Jay Crosby, eds.,
Our Nation’s Archive
(New York: Black Dog and Leventhal, 1999), 635.

23
. Ibid.

24
. Volkman,
Science Goes to War
, 139–40. See also David Holloway,
Stalin and the Bomb
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1994).

25
. Crosby,
Throwing Fire
, 171; Julia E. Johnsen, ed.,
The Atomic Bomb
(New York: H. W. Wilson, 1946), 65–70; Volkman, S
cience Goes to War
, 185.

26
. Meyer Friedman and Gerald W. Friedland,
Medicine’s Ten Greatest Discoveries
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998), 174–79; Charles M. Wiltse,
The Medical Department: Medical Service in the Mediterranean and Minor Theaters
(Washington D.C.: Department of the Army, 1965), 253.

27
. Schumaker, “Malaria,” 713.

28
. Ronald H. Bailey,
Prisoners of War
(Chicago: Time Life Books, 1981), 13.

29
. John Erickson and David Dilks, eds.,
Barbarossa
(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1994), 83; Harrison E. Salisbury,
The 900 Days
(New York: Avon 1969), 396–97.

30
. Richard Overy,
Russia’s War
(New York: Penguin, 1997), 147.

31
. Albert Axell,
Marshal Zhukov: The Man Who Beat Hitler
(London: Pearson Longman, 2003), 113; Igor Vitukin, ed.,
Soviet Generals Recall World War II
(New York: Sphinx Press, 1981), 259.

32
. Eisenhower quoted in Axell,
Marshal Zhukov
, iii.

33
. U.S. Army,
Biennial Reports of the Chief of Staff of the United States Army to the Secretary of War, 1 July 1939–30 June 1945
, (Washington D.C.: U.S. Army Center of Military History, 1996).

34
. Barsewisch quoted in Peter McCarthy and Mike Syron,
Panzerkrieg: The Rise and Fall of Hitler’s Tank Divisions
(London: Constable, 2002), 107.

35
. Ibid., 22–23.

36
. Ibid., 27.

37
. Ibid., 109.

38
. Ibid., 39; Dieter Ose, “Rommel and Rundstedt: The 1944 Panzer Controversy,”
Military Affairs
(January 1985): 10.

39
. Stephen E. Ambrose,
The Supreme Commander
(Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1970), 3.

40
. Eisenhower quoted in ibid., 535.

41
. See also Carlo D’Este,
Eisenhower: A Soldier’s Life
(New York: Henry Holt, 2002); Geoffrey Perret,
Eisenhower
(New York: Random House, 1999).

42
. David M. Glantz and Jonathan M. House,
The Battle of Kursk
(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1999), 45.

43
. Ibid., 46.

44
. Walter R. Roberts,
Tito, Mihailovic and the Allies, 1941–1945
(New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1973), 291, 316–17, 348. See also Milovan Djilas,
Wartime
(New York: Harcourt Brace, 1977).

45
. Samuel Eliot Morison,
The Two-Ocean War
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1963), 138–39.

46
. E. B. Potter,
Nimitz
(Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1976), 3.

47
. F. W. von Mellenthin, G
erman Generals of World War II
(Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1956), 30.

48
. Correlli Barnett, ed.,
Hitler’s Generals
(New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1989), 228.

49
. Ibid., 230–31.

50
. Carlo D’Este,
Patton: A Genius for War
(New York: HarperCollins, 1997), 4, 575.

51
. Russell F. Weigley,
Eisenhower’s Lieutenants
(Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990), 256.

52
. Winston Churchill,
Their Finest Hour
(New York: Bantam, 1974), 87, 94.

53
. Gordon A. Harrison,
Cross-Channel Attack
(Washington D.C.: U.S. Army Office of Military History, 1951), 6, 193–94.

54
. Shirer,
Rise and Fall
, 1127–37.

55
. On Hitler and his ignorance of rocketry, see Neufeld,
The Rocket and the Reich
.

56
. John Toland,
Adolf Hitler
(New York: Random House, 1976), 888.

57
. Murray,
Strategy for Defeat
, 189.

58
. James S. Corum,
The Luftwaffe: Creating the Operational Air War
, 1918–1940 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1997), 225–28.

59
. Shirer,
Rise and Fall
, 690.

60
. Dunnigan and Nofi,
Dirty Little Secrets
, 243–47.

61
. David T. Zabecki, ed.,
World War II in Europe: An Encyclopedia
(New York: Garland, 1999), 571–74.

62
. John Erickson,
The Soviet High Command: A Military-Political History, 1918–1941
(New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1962), 508, 637; Robert W. Thurston and Bernd Bonwetsch, eds.,
The People’s War: Responses to World War II in the Soviet Union
(Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2000), 197. Voroshilov quoted in David Glantz,
Stumbling Colossus: The Red Army on the Eve of the World War
(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998), 31.

63
. Khrushchev quoted in Overy,
Russia’s War
, 82.

64
. Alexander Werth,
Russia at War
(New York: Dutton, 1964), 306–7.

65
. Hsi-sheng Ch-I,
Nationalist China at War
(Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1982), 42–43.

66
. Denis M. Smith,
Mussolini’s Roman Empire
(New York: Viking, 1976), 40, 110.

67
. Ibid., 223.

68
. Nicholas Farrell,
Mussolini: A New Life
(London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2003), 345. Eden quoted in R. J. B. Bosworth,
Mussolini
(London: Arnold, 2002), 376.

69
. Toyoda quoted in John Toland,
Rising Sun
, 498.

70
. Hoyt,
Japan’s War
, 372.

71
. Toland,
Rising Sun
, 690.

72
. Hoyt,
Japan’s War
, 403.

73
. Halder quoted in Dear,
Oxford Companion
, 1269.

74
. Earl R. Beck,
Under the Bombs: The German Home Front, 1942–1943
(Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1986), 57.

75
. Ose, “Rommel and Rundstedt,” 8.

76
. David Fraser,
Knight’s Cross
(New York: HarperCollins, 1993), 537–44; John Keegan,
The Battle for History
(New York: Vintage Books, 1995), 57.

77
. Col. Benjamin Dickson quoted in Rick Atkinson,
An Army at Dawn: The War in North Africa, 1942–1943
(New York: Henry Holt, 2002), 123.

78
. Ibid., 119–23.

79
. Eisenhower quoted in ibid., 123.

80
. Shirer,
Rise and Fall
, 1045.

81
. Keitel quoted in Robert S. Wistrich,
Who’s Who in Nazi Germany
(London: Routledge, 1995), 137.

82
. Mutaguchi quoted in Louis Allen,
Burma: The Longest War, 1941–1945
(London: Dent, 1984), 154.

83
. Ibid., 151–54.

84
. Ibid., 313; Toland,
Rising Sun
, 764.

85
. Ose, “Rommel and Rundstedt,” 8.

86
. Ibid., 8–9.

87
. Portions of France were still in German possession on V-E day, such as the ports of St. Nazaire and Lorient. See Steven T. Ross, ed.,
U.S. War Plans, 1938– 1945
(Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2002).