The History Buff's Guide to World War II (58 page)

32
. Bruce F. Johnson,
Japanese Food Management in World War II
(Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1953), 152–53; Ruppenthal,
Logistical Support of the Armies
, 1:255.

33
. Dunnigan and Nofi,
Dirty Little Secrets
, 92.

34
. Lucas,
Eastern Front
, 56.

35
. Ruppenthal,
Logistical Support of the Armies
, 1:225.

36
. Les Cleveland,
Dark Laughter: War in Song and Popular Culture
(Westport, CT: Praeger, 1994), 102.

37
. Dunnigan and Nofi,
Dirty Little Secrets
, 80–81.

38
. Ruppenthal,
Logistical Support of the Armies
, 1:255.

39
. Johnson,
Japanese Food Management in World War II
, 152–53.

40
. Louis Allen,
Burma: The Longest War, 1941–1945
(London: Dent, 1984), 151–54; Masanobu,
Singapore
, 328; Mary Ellen Condon-Rall and Albert E. Cowdrey,
The Medical Department: Medical Service in the War Against Japan
(Washington, D.C: U.S. Army Center of Military History, 1998), 35.

41
. Ruppenthal,
Logistical Support of the Armies
, 1:440.

42
. Johnson,
Japanese Food Management in World War II
, 159–60.

43
. Peter Schrijvers,
The Crash of Ruin: American Combat Soldiers in
Europe During World War II
(New York: New York University Press, 1998), 166–67.

44
. German soldier quoted in Stephen G. Fritz,
Frontsoldaten: The German Soldier in World War II
(Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1995), 113.

45
. Roger R. Reese,
Stalin’s Reluctant Soldiers
(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1996), 183; John Toland,
The Rising Sun
(New York: Random House, 1970), 513; German soldier quoted in Fritz,
Frontsoldaten
, 73.

46
. Masanobu,
Singapore
, 325.

47
. William Craig,
Enemy at the Gates: The Battle for Stalingrad
(New York: Dutton, 1973), 38.

48
. Arthur S. MacNalty and W. Franklin Mellor, eds.,
Medical Services in War
(London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1968), 765–67.

49
. Alexander Werth,
Russia at War, 1941–1945
(New York: Carroll and Graf, 1964), 260.

50
. G. F. Krivosheev, ed.,
Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century
(London: Greenhill, 1997), 96; Sorge,
Other Price of Hitler’s War
, 62.

51
. Linderman,
World Within War
, 1.

52
. Ibid., 39; Murray,
Strategy for Defeat
, 303.

53
. Krivosheev, ed.,
Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century
, 86.

54
. Ibid., 86; Rüdiger Overmans,
Deutsche Militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg
(Munich: R. Oldenbourg, 2000), 335.

55
. Daws,
Prisoners of the Japanese
, 17–18; S. P. MacKenzie, “The Treatment of Prisoners of War in World War II,”
Journal of Modern History
(September 1994): 488, 515–16; Charles G. Roland, “Allied POW’s, Japanese Captors, and the Geneva Convention,”
War and Society
(October 1991): 83–102.

56
. MacKenzie, “The Treatment of Prisoners of War in World War II,” 511.

57
. Ibid., 491–518; Martin K. Sorge,
The Other Price of Hitler’s War
, 76.

58
. German soldier Erich Dwinger quoted in Lucas,
Eastern Front
, 51.

59
. Linderman,
The World Within War
, 148.

60
. Ibid., 148–49; Martin K. Sorge,
The Other Price of Hitler’s War
, 65.

61
. Krivosheev,
Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century
, 88.

62
. Ellis,
Statistical Analysis
, 257.

63
. Daws,
Prisoners of the Japanese
, 184.

64
. Masanobu,
Singapore
, 310.

65
. Fritz,
Frontsoldaten
, 23.

66
. R. Manning Ancell,
The Biographical Dictionary of World War II Generals and Flag Officers: The U.S. Armed Forces
(Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1996), 678–81.

67
. Ellis,
Statistical Analysis
, 256; Murray,
Strategy for Defeat
, 183; William L. O’Neill,
A Democracy at War
(New York: Free Press, 1993), 309; Martin K. Sorge,
The Other Price of Hitler’s War
, 40.

68
. Fritz,
Frontsoldaten
, 110–12.

69
. For an account of those abdominally wounded in states of hunger, see Lucas,
Eastern Front
, 51.

70
. Craig,
Enemy at the Gates
, 318–19. Major Nishiyama quoted in Richard B. Frank,
Guadalcanal
(New York: Random House, 1990), 500.

71
. Norm Davies,
Heart of Europe: A Short History of Poland
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), 67.

72
. Linderman,
The World Within War
, 221.

73
. Omer Bartov, “Germany’s Unforgettable War: The Twisted Road from Berlin to Moscow and Back,”
Diplomatic History
(Summer 2001): 408.

74
. Fritz,
Frontsoldaten
, 93; Douglas Peifer, “Commemoration of Mutiny, Rebellion, and Resistance in Postwar Germany: Public Memory, History, and the Formation of ‘Memory Beacons,’”
Journal of Military History
(October 2001): 1046–47; Jason Sears, “Discipline in the Royal Navy,”
War and Society
(October 1991): 55.

75
. William Sargant, “Psychiatry and War,”
Atlantic Monthly
, 219 (1967): 102; Paul Wanke, “American Military Psychiatry and Its Role Among Ground Forces in World War II,”
Journal of Military History
(January 1999): 131–32.

76
. Condon-Rall and Cowdrey,
Medical Department
, 170, 213, 224–25; Toland,
Rising Sun
, 644–45.

77
. Bartov, “Germany’s Unforgettable War,” 405–6.

78
. Adolf Hitler,
Mein Kampf
(London: Hurst and Blackett, 1981), 340.

79
. Hitler quoted in Norman Rich,
Hitler’s War Aims
(New York: Norton, 1973), 159.

80
. Murray,
Strategy for Defeat
, 47.

81
. See also Richard Hough and Denis Richards,
The Battle of Britain
(New York: Norton, 1989).

82
. Hitler quoted in Walter C. Langsam,
Historic Documents of World War II
(Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand, 1958), 56–59.

83
. Hitler quoted in Joseph P. Lash,
Roosevelt and Churchill, 1939–1941
(New York: Norton, 1976), 254, and John Strawson,
Hitler’s Battles for Europe
(New York: Scribner, 1971), 132.

84
. Overy,
Russia’s War
, 152.

85
. Antony Beevor,
Stalingrad
(New York: Viking, 1998), 148–50, 157–59.

86
. Mikhail Heller and Aleksander M. Nekrich,
Utopia in Power: The History of the Soviet Union from 1917 to the Present
(New York: Summit Books, 1986), 401.

87
. Overy,
Russia’s War
, 242.

88
. David M. Glantz and Jonathan M. House,
The Battle of Kursk
(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1999), 276–77, 336–45.

89
. See also David M. Glantz and Harold S. Orenstein, eds.,
The
Battle for Kursk 1943: The Soviet General Staff Study
(London: Frank Cass, 1999); Steven H. Newton,
Kursk: The German View
(Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 2002).

90
. Werth,
Russia at War
, 964–66.

91
. Anthony Beevor,
The Fall of Berlin, 1945
(New York: Viking, 2002), 141–44.

92
. Hsi-sheng Ch-I,
Nationalist China at War
(Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1982), 42–43. Failed Shanghai bombing run described in Jonathan Fenby,
Chiang Kai-Shek
(New York: Carroll and Graf, 2003), 295–96.

93
. For the best narrative and evidential account of the attack, see Gordon W. Prange,
At Dawn We Slept
(New York: McGraw-Hill, 1981), 738.

94
. Winston Churchill,
The Hinge of Fate
(New York: Bantam Books, 1974), 80. Estimates of POWs taken at Singapore range from 60,000 to 130,000.

95
. Headline of Asashi Shimbun in Toland,
Rising Sun
, 346.

96
. William Roger Louis,
Imperialism at Bay
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1978), 134–46.

97
. Toland,
Rising Sun
, 436.

98
. Ibid., 437–50.

99
. Frank,
Guadalcanal
, vii, 614.

100
. Hsi-sheng,
Nationalist China at War
, 76.

101
. Fenby,
Chiang Kai-Shek
, 420.

102
. Spector,
Eagle Against the Sun
, 314–17; Toland,
Rising Sun
, 519.

103
. Richard F. Newcomb,
Iwo Jima
(New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1965), 294–306.

104
. For U.S. military estimates of invasion of Japan, see John R. Skates,
The Invasion of Japan
(Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1994), 78–81, 256–57.

105
. Toland,
Rising Sun
, 720–22.

106
. Skates,
The Invasion of Japan
, 105–9.

CHAPTER 4: HOME FRONT

1
. Bradley F. Smith,
The War’s Long Shadow: The Second World War and Its Aftermath
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986), 80.

2
. John Ellis,
World War II: A Statistical Analysis
(New York: Facts on File, 1993), 253; John L. Hondros, O
ccupation and Resistance: The Greek Agony, 1941–1944
(New York: Pella, 1983), 67, 71.

3
. Smith,
War’s Long Shadow
, 44–45.

4
. James M. Burns,
Roosevelt: The Soldier of Freedom
(New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1970), 214.

5
. Mikhail Keller and Aleksandr M. Nekrich,
Utopia in Power
(New York: Summit Books, 1986), 378–82.

6
. James Taylor and Warren Shaw,
A Dictionary of the Third Reich
(London: Grafton, 1987), 89.

7
. Craig Nelson,
The First Heroes
(New York: Viking, 2002), 355.

8
. Ellis,
Statistical Analysis
, 253.

9
. Martin K. Sorge,
The Other Price of Hitler’s War: German Military and Civilian Losses Resulting from World War II
(New York: Greenwood Press, 1986), 67.

10
. Alfred G. Frei, “‘In the End I Just Said O.K.’: Political and Moral Dimensions of Escape Aid at the Swiss Border,”
Journal of Modern History
(December 1992): S 81.

11
. Keller and Nekrich,
Utopia in Power
, 379–82.

12
. Peter Calvocoressi, Guy Wint, and John Pritchard,
Total War: Causes and Courses of the Second World War
(New York: Pantheon Books, 1989), 330, 524; S. P. MacKenzie, “The Treatment of Prisoners of War in World War II,”
Journal of Modern History
(September 1994): 494. Himmler quoted in Gordon Wright,
Ordeal of Total War
(New York: Harper & Row, 1968), 117.

13
. Calvocoressi, Wint, and Pritchard,
Total War
, 523; I. C. B. Dear, ed.,
The Oxford Companion to World War II
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 220.

14
. James F. Dunnigan and Albert A. Nofi,
Dirty Little Secrets of World War II
(New York: Morrow, 1994), 76.