The Holocaust (126 page)

10
‘The History of the Jews of Wlodawa in the Time of the Nazi Occupation’, Yad Vashem archive: Krakowski,
op. cit.
, pages 315–16.

11
Kaplan diary, 14 January 1940: Katsch,
op. cit.
, page 102.

12
Kaplan diary, 16 January 1940:
ibid.
, page 103.

13
A list of the executed Jews, together with, where possible, their ages, professions and addresses, was put by Emanuel Ringelblum into his secret archive: it was discovered after the war, and published in full by Adam Rutkowski in the bulletin of the Jewish Historical Institute in Warsaw (henceforth referred to as
Biuletyn
, Warsaw), number 62, 1967, pages 68–75.

14
Kaplan diary, 24 January 1940: Katsch,
op. cit.
, page 107.

15
Zygmunt Klukowski, diary entry for 1 February 1940:
Dziennik z lat okupacji Zamojszczyzny
, Lublin 1959, page 99.

16
Kaplan diary, 4 February 1940: Katsch
op. cit.
, page 116.

17
Kaplan diary, 5 February 1940:
idem.

18
Ringelblum notes, 7 February 1940: Sloan,
op. cit.
, page 16.

19
Ringelblum notes, 12 February 1940:
ibid.
, page 19.

20
Kermish,
The Destruction of the Jewish Community of Piotrkow, op. cit.
, column 16.

21
Manchester Guardian
, 19 February 1940.

22
Ringelblum notes, 21 February 1940: Sloan,
op. cit.
, pages 21–2.

23
Ringelblum notes, 6 March 1940:
ibid.
, page 24.

24
Kaplan diary, 4 March 1940: Katsch,
op. cit.
, page 129.

25
There is a detailed report on the forced labour camps in the Ringelblum archive. Early in 1941 Ringelblum organized the despatch of Jews from Warsaw to collect material about these camps. Their report listed forty-one camps, employing seventeen thousand
Jews. At that time the largest of the camps was just to the south of the village of Belzec: YIVO journal,
Bleter far geshichte
, volume 2, New York, 1949, pages 242–72.

26
Kermish,
op. cit.
, column 17.

27
Ringelblum notes, 7 February 1940: Sloan,
op. cit.
, page 16.

28
Stefan Krakowski, ‘Stutthof’:
Encyclopaedia Judaica
, Jerusalem 1972, volume 15, column 464.

29
‘The Sufferings of Jews in the Concentration Camp at Stutthof (near Danzig)’:
Bulletin of the Rescue Committee of the Jewish Agency for Palestine
, March 1945, Foreign Office papers, 371/51116 (henceforth referred to as
Bulletin
, London).

30
Lucjan Dobroszycki (editor),
The Chronicle of the Lodz Ghetto 1941–1944
, New Haven 1984, page xxvii.

31
Ibid.
, page xxxix.

32
Eichmann Trial, document T.383, submitted to the court on 27 March 1961, session 4. The villages were Piaski, Glusk and Belzyce.

33
Letter from the Joint Polish—Jewish Aid Commission to the Reich Chancellery, dated 28 March 1941: International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, document NG-2490, quoted in Levin,
The Holocaust, op. cit.
, pages 182–3.

34
Testimony of Heinrich Grüber: Eichmann Trial, 16 May 1961, session 41. Grüber was later sent to Sachsenhausen.

35
Leon Pommers, conversation with the author, Jerusalem.

36
A. J. Sherman,
Island Refuge: Britain and Refugees from the Third Reich
, London 1973, pages 209–10.

37
Kurt Marcus, ‘Japan and the Jews’,
Jerusalem Post
, 2 April 1982 (Readers’ Letters).

38
Kaplan diary, 7 March 1940: Katsch,
op. cit.
, page 129.

10. WAR IN THE WEST: TERROR IN THE EAST

1
Ringelblum notes, 4 May 1940: Sloan,
op. cit.
, page 37.

2
Ringelblum notes, 9 May 1940:
ibid.
, page 39.

3
Memorandum of 15 May 1940, submitted to Hitler on 20 May 1940: quoted in Philip Friedman,
Roads to Extinction: Essays on the Holocaust
, Philadelphia 1980, page 47.

4
Recollections of Rabbi Harry M. Jacobi,
Jewish Chronicle
, 29 September 1978; Harry Jacobi, in conversation with the author, London, 21 February 1985.

5
Kaplan diary, 18 May 1940: Katsch,
op. cit.
, page 154.

6
Sol Liptzin, ‘Weiss, Ernst, 1884–1940’:
Encyclopaedia Judaica
, volume 16, Jerusalem 1972, columns 412–13.

7
Kazimierz Smolen (editor),
From the History of KL Auschwitz
, Cracow 1967, volume 1, pages 2–3.

8
S. Krakowski, ‘Tarnow’:
Encyclopaedia Judaica
, Jerusalem 1972, volume 15, column 821.

9
Archive of the Panstwowe Muzeum w Oswiecimiu (henceforth cited as Auschwitz Museum Archive).

10
Maria Feferman-Wasoff, typescript, ‘The Processed’,
op. cit.
, page 26.

11
Klukowski diary, 17 July 1940:
Dziennik, op. cit.
, pages 138–9.

12
Klukowski diary, 23 July 1940:
ibid.
, pages 139–40.

13
S. Krakowski, ‘Radom’:
Encyclopaedia Judaica
, Jerusalem 1972, volume 13, column 1501.

14
S. Krakowski, ‘Czestochowa’:
Encyclopaedia Judaica
, Jerusalem 1972, volume 5, column 1212.

15
Ladislav Lipscher,
Die Juden im Slowakischen Staat
1939–1945, Munich and Vienna 1980.

16
Cracow memorial books, Jerusalem 1959 and Haifa 1981.

17
Chaim Barlas, letter of 13 August 1940, from Ankara: Central Zionist Archive, Z.4/14,779.

18
Gershom Scholem, ‘Benjamin, Walter, 1892–1940’:
Encyclopaedia Judaica
, Jerusalem 1972, volume 4, columns 530–1.

19
Testimony of Chief Rabbi Cohen of Bordeaux: Leon Poliakov,
Harvest of Hate. The Nazi Programme for the Destruction of the Jews of Europe
, New York 1954, 1979 edition, page 243.

20
Abitbol,
Les Juifs d’Afrique du Nord sous Vichy, op. cit.
, page 44, note 49.

21
Emmanuel Bulz, Chief Rabbi of Luxembourg, ‘Luxembourg’:
Encyclopaedia Judaica
, Jerusalem 1972, volume 11, column 591.

22
‘Japanese “Wallenberg” Honoured at 85’:
Jewish Chronicle
, 25 January 1985. The occasion of this report was the award of a Righteous Gentile medal and certificate to Sugihara by Yad Vashem, Jerusalem. The ceremony was held in Tokyo.

23
Friedman,
op. cit.
, pages 74–5.

24
Ringelblum notes, 6–9 September 1940: Sloan,
op. cit.
, pages 46–8.

25
Ringelblum notes, 9 September 1940: Sloan,
op. cit.
, page 48.

26
Shirer diary, 24 September 1940:
Berlin Diary, op. cit.
, page 408.

27
Robert Edwin Hersztein,
The War that Hitler Won: the Most Infamous Propaganda Campaign in History
, London 1979, pages 310–12.

28
Ringelblum notes, 6–9 September 1940: Sloan,
op. cit.
, pages 47–48.

29
Klukowski diary, 1 October 1940:
Dziennik, op. cit.

30
Klukowski diary, 17 October 1940:
ibid.

31
Leo Laufer, recollections: Yad Vashem archive.

32
Ruth Rubin,
Voices of a People. The Story of Yiddish Folksong
, 2nd edition, New York 1973, page 429.

33
Ringelblum notes, 12 October 1940: Sloan,
op. cit.
, page 72.

34
Ringelblum notes, 13 October 1940:
ibid.
, page 73.

35
Toshia Bialer, recollections, in
Collier’s
, New York, 20 February 1943, page 17: quoted in Levin,
The Holocaust, op. cit.
, pages 207–8.

36
Kaplan diary, 22 October 1940: Katsch,
op. cit.
, pages 212–13.

37
These camps were Gurs, Noé, Portet Saint Simon, Récébédou and Rivesaltes: Werner Nachman and Heinrich Freund,
Sie Sind Nicht Vergessen
, no date.

38
Gurs camp register, Gurs.

39
Testimony of Heinrich Grüber: Eichmann Trial, 16 May 1941, session 41.

40
Ringelblum notes, 23 October 1940: Sloan,
op. cit.
, pages 77–8, and 79.

41
Kaplan diary, 24 October 1940: Katsch,
op. cit.
, pages 213–14.

42
Kaplan diary, 8 November 1940 (Hebrew edition, Tel Aviv and Jerusalem, 1966): Leni Yahil, ‘Jewish Resistance—an Examination of Active and Passive Forms of Jewish Survival in the Holocaust Period’,
Jewish Resistance during the Holocaust
, Jerusalem 1971 (Yad Vashem conference proceedings, 7–11 April 1968), page 40.

43
Quoted in
Eksterminacja Zydow na Ziemiach Polskich podczas okupacji Hitlerowskiej
(‘The Extermination of the Jews on Polish Soil at the Time of the German Occupation’), Warsaw 1957, page 55.

44
Isaac Kabeli, ‘The Resistance of the Greek Jews’,
YIVO Annual of Jewish Science
, volume 8, New York 1953, page 281. On 1 January 1941 the Governor-General of Salonica wrote to the President of the city’s Jewish community: ‘In the name of the Greek state, I congratulate you on the heroism displayed by the Jews on the field of battle.’

45
Mary Berg diary, 15 November 1940; Shneiderman,
op. cit.
, page 38.

46
Alexander Donat,
The Holocaust Kingdom
, New York 1965, page 27.

47
Ringelblum notes, 19 November 1940: Sloan,
op. cit.
, pages 86–9.

48
Mary Berg diary, 20 November 1940: Shneiderman,
op. cit.
, pages 38–9.

49
Kaplan diary, 21 December 1940: Katsch,
op. cit.
, page 234.

50
Mary Berg diary, 22 December 1940: Shneiderman,
op. cit.
, pages 41–2.

51
Palestine Post
, 26 November 1940 and subsequent issues.

52
Hersztein,
op. cit.
, page 309.

53
Kaplan diary, 6 December 1940: Katsch,
op. cit.
, page 232.

54
Ringelblum notes, 10 December 1940: Sloan,
op. cit.
, page 108.

55
Richard Lichtheim, Geneva, to Joseph Linton, London, 11 December 1940: Central Zionist Archives, Z4/14,901.

56
Minutes of R. T. E. Latham and T. M. Snow, London, 17 December 1940: Foreign Office papers, 371/35242.

57
Testimony of Heinrich Grüber: Eichmann Trial, 16 May 1961, session 41.

58
Ringelblum notes, 24 December 1940: Sloan,
op. cit.
, page 115.

59
Donald Edgar,
The Stalag Men
, London 1982, page 55.

11. JANUARY–JUNE 1941: THE SPREADING NET

1
Mary Berg diary, 4 January 1941: Shneidermann,
op. cit.
, page 45.

2
Ringelblum notes, 5 January 1941: Sloan,
op. cit.
, page 120.

3
Mary Berg diary, 10 January 1941: Shneiderman,
op. cit.
, page 46.

4
Hans Frank diary, 22 January 1941:
op. cit.
, page 251.

5
Lodz Chronicle, 20 January 1941: Dobroszycki,
op. cit.
, pages 12–13.

6
Lodz Chronicle, 29 January 1941:
ibid.
, page 17.

7
J. Sandel, ‘Maurycy Trebacz’:
Biuletyn
, Warsaw,
op. cit.
, number 2, 1951, pages 236–7.

8
Kaplan diary, 31 January 1941: Katsch,
op. cit.
, page 239.

9
Testimony of Zivia Lubetkin: Eichmann Trial, 3 May 1961, session 25.

10
Photograph Album,
Le Pogromme Legionnaire de Bucharest
: Yad Vashem Photographic Collection, F.A. 37.

11
John Colville, diary entry for 2 February 1941: Martin Gilbert,
Winston S. Churchill
, volume 6, London 1983, pages 1004–5.

12
Theodor Lavi, ‘Rumania’:
Encyclopaedia Judaica
, Jerusalem 1972, volume 14, column 400.

13
Address of 1 February 1941: Yitzhak Arad, Yisrael Gutman and Abraham Margaliot (editors),
Documents on the Holocaust
, Jerusalem 1981, page 237.

14
Information provided by Dr Lucjan Dobroszycki.

15
Recollections of Moshe Shklarek (later Bahir), ‘The Revolt’ in Miriam Novitch,
Sobibor, Martyrdom and Revolt, Documents and Testimonies
, New York 1980, pages 140–1.

16
Josef Fraenkel (editor),
The Jews of Austria, Essays on their Life, History and Destruction
, London 1967, page 513.

17
Quoted in Jacob Presser,
The Destruction of the Dutch Jews
, New York 1969, page 51.

18
Paul Tillard,
Mauthausen
, Paris 1945, pages 20–1.

19
Presser,
op. cit.
, pages 50–4.

20
Ringelblum notes, 27 February 1941: Sloan,
op. cit.
, pages 127–8.

21
Ringelblum notes, 28 February 1941:
ibid.
, pages 130–2.

22
Recollections of a survivor of the Lodz ghetto, in conversation with the author, Montreal.

23
Testimony of Frieda Mazia:
Eichmann Trial, 4 May 1961, session 27.

24
Friedman,
Roads To Extinction, op. cit.
, pages 74–5.

25
Gertrude Zeisler, letter of 5 June 1941: Gerda Hoffer (editor),
I Did Not Survive: Letters from the Kielce Ghetto
, Jerusalem 1981, pages 4–5.