The Holocaust (131 page)

3
The Kherson Region during the Great Patriotic War, 1941–1945:
documents and materials
(in Russian), Odessa 1968. I am grateful to Yigal Zafoni for this reference.

4
Richard Lichtheim, letter: Central Zionist Archives.

5
Ringelblum notes, end of June 1942: Sloan,
op. cit.
, page 301.

6
Jozef Garlinski,
Fighting Auschwitz: the Resistance Movement in the Concentration Camp
, London 1975, page 14.

7
Rubinowicz diary, 1 June 1942: Bowman,
op. cit.
, pages 86–7.

8
Shmuel Krakowski, ‘Holocaust in the Polish Underground Press’:
Yad Vashem Studies
, XVI, Jerusalem 1984, pages 147–8.

9
Jack Young (Jona Jakob Speigel), typescript, ‘Lost and Waiting to be Found’, and conversation with the author, London, 30 May 1984.

10
Testimony of Tadeusz Pankiewicz: first published in book form in Cracow in 1947, reprinted in translation in Eisenberg,
Witness to the Holocaust, op. cit.
, pages 194–203.

11
Rubin,
Voice of a People, op. cit.
, pages 429–30 and page 458, note 15.

12
Pankiewicz,
op. cit.

13
Franciszek Zabecki,
Wspomnienia dawne i nowe o tragedii Zydow w Treblince
(‘Old and New Memories of the Tragedy of the Jews at Treblinka’), Warsaw 1977.

14
Hava Follman, ‘The Liquidation of Hrubieszow Jewry’: Baruch Kaplinsky (editor),
Pinkas Hrubieshov, Memorial to a Jewish Community in Poland
, Tel Aviv, 1962.

15
Testimony of Yaakov Biskowitz: Eichmann Trial, 5 June 1961, session 61.

16
Mary Berg diary, 3 June 1942: Shneiderman,
op. cit.
, page 154.

17
Ringelblum notes, 6 June 1942: Ringelblum archive, YIVO, New York. I am grateful to Lucjan Dobroszycki for this reference.

18
Abraham Levin diary, 6 June 1942: Joseph Kermish (editor), ‘Extract from the Diary of Abraham Levin’,
Yad Vashem Studies
, volume 6, Jerusalem 1967, pages 316–18.

19
Levin diary, 7 June 1942: Kermish,
op. cit.
, pages 318–19.

20
Günther Deschner,
Heydrich: the Pursuit of Total Power
, London 1981, pages 273–6.

21
Lederer,
Ghetto Theresienstadt, op. cit.
, page 32.

22
Deschner,
op. cit.
, page 276.

23
Documents submitted to the Eichmann Trial, 12 June 1961, session 74.

24
‘Transport AAh’, 10 June 1942: Lederer,
op. cit.
, pages 215–16.

25
‘Transport AAk’, 12 June 1942:
ibid.
, page 216.

26
‘Transport AAi’, 13 June 1942:
ibid.
, pages 216–17.

27
‘Transport AAh’, 10 June 1942:
ibid.
, pages 215–16.

28
Levin, ‘The Small Communities’,
op. cit.
, page 137.

29
Messages of 9 June 1942 and 15 June 1942: International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, document PS-501.

30
Testimony of 3 January 1946: Record of Proceedings, International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg.

31
Letter of 5 July 1942: Eichmann Trial, document 1443. The verb ‘processed’ was rendered in the original German as ‘verarbeitet’.

32
Kaplan diary, 9 June 1942: Katsch,
op. cit.
, page 350.

33
Testimony of Frieda Mazia: Eichmann Trial, 4 May 1961, session 27.

34
Czech, ‘Kalendarium’,
op. cit.

35
Testimony of Frieda Mazia: Eichmann Trial, 4 May 1961, session 27.

36
Lodz Chronicle: Dobroszycki,
op. cit.
, page 208, note 69.

37
Testimony of Yosef Buzhminski: Eichmann Trial, 2 May 1961, session 24.

38
Testimony of B. Ajzensztajn:
Ainsztein,
Jewish Resistance in Nazi-occupied Eastern Europe, op. cit.
, page 876.

39
Recollections of Maria Rubinstein: in conversation with the author, Beersheba.

40
Ringelblum notes, 17 June 1942: Joseph Kermish, ‘Emanuel Ringelblum’s Notes Hitherto Unpublished’:
Yad Vashem Studies
, VII, Jerusalem 1968, pages 178–80.

41
Kaplan diary, 3 July 1942: Katsch,
op. cit.
, pages 368–9.

42
Kermish, ‘Emanuel Ringelblum’,
op. cit.
, page 180, note 10.

43
Lodz Chronicle, 4 June 1942: Dobroszycki,
op. cit.
, page 199.

44
Lodz Chronicle, 8–10 June 1942:
ibid.
, page 203.

45
Lodz Chronicle, 21 July 1942:
ibid.
, page 227.

46
Lodz Chronicle, 21 October 1942:
ibid.
, page 274.

47
Lodz Chronicle, 1 June 1942:
ibid.
, pages 194–5.

48
Lodz Chronicle, 21 July 1942:
ibid.
, page 226.

49
Lodz Chronicle, 1 June 1942:
ibid.
, page 195.

50
Ephraim Barasz, speech of 21 June 1942: Trunk,
Judenrat, op. cit.
, page 402.

51
Ringelblum notes, 25 June 1942: Sloan,
op. cit.
, page 291.

52
Ringelblum notes, 26 June 1942:
ibid.
, pages 297–8.

21. ‘AVENGE OUR TORMENTED PEOPLE’

1
Memorandum by Himmler’s Secretary, Rudolf Brandt, 7 July 1942: International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, document NO-216.

2
P. D. C. Mackay, member of the Royal College of Surgeons, to the
British Medical Journal
, 19 August 1945 (examined by censor, 22 August 1945): Foreign Office papers, 371/50989.

3
Announcement in the special edition of
Het Joodsche Weekblad
(the Jewish Weekly), Amsterdam, 14 July 1942, facsimile: Presser,
The Destruction of the Dutch Jews, op. cit.
, page 145.

4
Presser,
op. cit.
, page 150.

5
Czech, ‘Kalendarium’,
op. cit.
, entry for 17 July 1942.

6
Louis de Jong, ‘Jews and Non-Jews in Nazi-occupied Holland’: Max Beloff (editor),
On the Track of Tyranny
, London 1960, page 150.

7
Note of SS First Lieutenant Heinz Rothke, 19 July 1942, International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, document RF-1226: Marrus and Paxton,
Vichy France and the Jews, op. cit.
, page 246.

8
Czech, ‘Kalendarium’,
op. cit.
, entry for 21 July 1942.

9
‘Convoy 7, July 19, 1942’: Klarsfeld,
Memorial to the Jews Deported from France, op. cit.
, pages 64–71.

10
Testimony of Rudolf Vrba:
The World at War
, documentary film, Thames Television, 1974.

11
Recollections of Lilli Kopecky: in conversation with the author, Jerusalem.

12
Testimony of Hermann Graebe, 10 and 13 November 1945: International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, document PS-2992, quoted in Whitney R. Harris,
Tyranny on Trial, the Evidence at Nuremberg
, Dallas 1954, pages 356–7.

13
Ainsztein,
Jewish Resistance in Nazi-occupied Eastern Europe, op. cit.
, page 258.

14
Trunk,
Judenrat, op. cit.
, page 441.

15
Ibid.
, pages 464–5.

16
Cholawski,
Soldiers from the Ghetto, op. cit.
, pages 67–8.

17
Trunk,
op. cit.
, page 472.

18
Levin, ‘The Small Communities’,
op. cit.
, pages 137–7.

19
Poland: the Communities of Lodz and its Region, op. cit.
, entry for Kowale Panskie.

20
Ibid:
entry for Uniejow.

21
Iosif Bregman, ‘The Kletsk Ghetto’:
Sovetish Geimland
, number 4, Moscow 1968, pages 50–51. See also Aharon Weiss, ‘Kletsk-Kleck’:
Encyclopaedia Judaica
, Jerusalem 1971, volume 10, columns 1107–8.

22
Iosif Bregman, ‘The Nieswiez ghetto’:
Sovetish Geimland
, number 4, Moscow 1968, pages 49–50.

23
Cholawski,
op. cit.
, pages 69–70.

24
Trunk,
op. cit.
, page 472.

25
Ibid.
, pages 4170–1.

26
Cholawski, op. cit., page 170.

27
Trunk,
op. cit.
, page 472.

28
Cholawski,
op. cit.
, page 170.

29
Testimony of Shalom Cholawski: Eichmann Trial, 12 June 1961, session 73.

30
Falstein,
The Martyrdom of Jewish Physicians in Poland, op. cit.
, page 309.

31
Information provided by Yigal Zafoni of Leningrad.

22. FROM WARSAW TO TREBLINKA: ‘THESE DISASTROUS AND HORRIBLE DAYS’

1
Yitzhak Katznelson,
Vittel Diary 22.5.43–16.9.43
, Tel Aviv 1972, pages 158–9.

2
Donat,
Holocaust Kingdom, op. cit.
, page 53.

3
Himmler directive, 19 July 1942: International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, document NO-5574.

4
‘Liquidation of Jewish Warsaw’, report prepared by Jewish underground organizations, and sent to London on 15 November 1942:
Biuletyn
, Warsaw,
op. cit.
, number 1, 1951, pages 59–126.

5
Zabecki,
Wspomnienia, op. cit.
, page 44.

6
Adam Czerniakow, diary entry for 22 July 1942: Raul Hilberg, Stanislaw Staron and Josef Kermisz (editors),
The Warsaw Diary of Adam Czerniakow: Prelude to Doom
, New York 1979, page 384.

7
Stanislaw Adler,
In the Warsaw Ghetto 1940–1943: an Account of a Witness
, Jerusalem 1982, page 270.

8
Adolf Berman testimony: Eichmann Trial, 3 May 1961, Session 26.

9
Falstein,
The Martyrdom of Jewish Physicians, op. cit.
, page 493.

10
Ibid.
, page 436.

11
Ibid.
, page 335.

12
Adler,
op. cit.
, page 270.

13
Czerniakow diary, 23 July 1942: Hilberg
et al., op. cit.

14
Biuletyn
, Warsaw,
op. cit.
, number 3–4, 1952, page 267.

15
Donat,
op. cit.
, pages 62–3.

16
Testimony of Samuel Rajzman: ‘Punishment of War Criminals, Hearings before the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, Seventy-Ninth Congress, 22 March 1945’.

17
Wdowinski,
And We Are Not Saved, op. cit.
, pages 65–6.

18
Katznelson,
op. cit.
, page no.

19
Ibid.
, page 159,

20
Ruta Sakowska (editor),
Archiwum Ringelbluma Getto Warszawskie, lipiec 1942-styczen
1943, Warsaw 1980, page 317, note 39.

21
Berman, ‘The Fate of the Children’,
op. cit.
, pages 416–17.

22
Testimony of Adolf Berman: Eichmann Trial, 3 May 1961, session 26.

23
Ringelblum notes:
Sloan, op. cit.
, page 309.

24
Vladka Meed (Feigele Peltel-Miedzyrzecki), On
Both Sides of the Wall
, Tel Aviv 1972, page 41 (first published in Yiddish in 1948, in New York).

25
Ibid.
, pages 29–30.

26
Zabecki,
op. cit.
, pae 45.

27
Ibid.
, pages 45–8.

28
Zivia Lubetkin,
In the Days of
Destruction and Revolt
, Tel Aviv 1981, pages 111–12.

29
By the end of 1942 the Jewish Fighting Organization had established groups in eight ghettos: Warsaw, Cracow, Czestochowa, Bedzin, Bochnia, Pilica, Brody and Bialystok: information provided by Dr Shmuel Krakowski.

30
Gutman,
The Jews of Warsaw, op. cit.
, pages 217–18.

31
Ringelblum diary, October 1942: Sloan,
op. cit.
, page 329.

32
Meed,
op. cit.
, pages 43–5.

33
Wdowinski,
op. cit.
, pages 67–8.

34
Meed,
op. cit.
, pages 44–5.

35
The number of deportees from Warsaw to Treblinka was 6,250 on July 22; 7,300 on July 23; 7,400 on July 24; 7,530 on July 25; 6,400 on July 26; 6,320 on July 27; 5,020 on July 28; 5,480 on July 29; 6,430 on July 30 and 6,756 on July 31; 6,220 on August 1 and 6,276 on August 2: Gutman,
The Jews of Warsaw, op. cit.
, page 212.

36
Kaplan diary, 2 August 1942: Katsch,
op. cit.
, page 397.

37
Testimony of Samuel Rajzman, 27 February 1946: International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg.

38
Zabecki,
op. cit.
, pages 58–9.

39
Ibid.
, page 59.

40
Ibid.
, page 60.

41
Ibid.
, pages 99–100.

42
Code Name ‘Oyneg Shabes’: Emanuel Ringelblum’s Underground Archives in the Warsaw Ghetto, 1940–1943
, YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, New York 1983, page 13.

43
Part of the Ringelblum archive was published in Polish in Poland: Ruta Sakowska (editor),
Archiwum Ringelbluma, Getto Warszawskie, lipiec 1942—styczen 1943
, Warsaw 1980, documents no. 1 to 234.

23. AUTUMN 1942: ‘AT A FASTER PACE’

1
SS Colonel Victor Brack to Heinrich Himmler, 23 July 1942: International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, document NO-205.

2
Memorandum by Martin Luther, 24 July 1942: Meir Michaelis,
Mussolini and the Jews: German-Italian Relations and the Jewish Question in Italy, 1922–1945
, Oxford 1978, page 304.