Authors: Martin Gilbert

The Holocaust (145 page)

BOOK: The Holocaust

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Council of Jewish Elders: to be established in each town of German-occupied Poland (1939),
1
;
for subsequent index entries see
Jewish Councils

Courage, acts of: near Warsaw (1940),
1
; in Warsaw (1940),
2
; in Warsaw (1941),
3
,
4
; at Luck (1941),
5
; in Bialystok (1941),
6
; in Rowne (1941),
7
; at Kamenets Podolsk, by Christians (1941),
8
; at Piotrkow (1941),
9
; at Babi Yar (1941),
10
; in Berlin, by a Catholic priest (1941),
11
; by a German officer (1941),
12
; by a Latvian store man (1941),
13
; at Brailov (1942),
14
; at Baranowicze,
15
; at Zdunska Wola,
16
; during a deportation,
17
; at Dabrowa,
18
; by two Jewish sisters,
19
; at Pabianice,
20
; in Ozorkow,
21
; in Sosnowiec,
22
; during the deportations from Warsaw,
23
; in Oslo,
24
; at Lachwa,
25
; by French Catholic clergymen,
26
,
27
; at Kaluszyn,
28
; at Zloczow,
29
; at Piotrkow,
30
; at Lomza,
31
; at Jasionowka,
32
; in France,
33
; in the Warsaw uprising (of August 1944),
34
;
see also index entries for
Defiance, acts of
and
Resistance, acts of

Couturier, Claude Vaillant: recalls fate of Jewish deportees at Auschwitz,
1
,
2
,
3
,
4

Cracow: Jewish deportees pass through (1939),
1
; forced labour decree and labour camps in (1939),
2
; decree from, forces Jews to wear a special badge (23 November 1939),
3
; first expulsions from (1 August 1940),
4
; two rabbis from, killed (1941),
5
; a refugee from,
6
; a conference in, on Jews to be ‘done away with’ (9 October 1941),
7
; a further conference in (16 December 1941),
8
; and the ‘final solution’,
9
; and the death camp at Belzec (1942),
10
; a further deportation from (June 1942),
11
; fate of a bacteriologist from,
12
; Nazi Party meetings at, and the Jews,
13
,
14
; Jews from, in Dzialoszyce,
15
; a further deportation from (October 1942),
16
; resistance near,
17
; the Jewish Fighting Organization in,
18
n.
19
; a Jewish child
from, given sanctuary by Catholics,
20
; resistance in,
21
; a further deportation from,
22
; acts of defiance in,
23
; a Jewess poses as a Catholic in,
24
; Poles help Jews in,
25
; Poles executed for helping Jews in,
26
; two escapees set off from Auschwitz for,
27
; a final deportation to Plaszow from,
28
; an accident on the way to, after liberation,
29
; anti-Jewish riots in, after liberation,
30
; Jews murdered on the way to, after liberation (1946),
31
; a ritual murder charge in, after liberation,
32
; Jews travelling from, murdered after liberation,
33
; anti-Jewish ‘guffaws’ in (1946),
34
; a Jewish girl’s decision, to stay with her parents in (during an ‘action’),
35

Crete: Jews of, drowned (1944),
1

Crimea: ‘purged of Jews’ (1942),
1

Croatia: fate of Jews in (1941),
1
; Jews of, listed (1942),
2
; the ‘key questions… already resolved’,
3
; Italians refuse to deport remaining Jews of,
4
,
5
; camps in,
6

Crysostomos, Archbishop: saves Jews,
1

Cuba: and Jewish refugees (1939),
1

Cuneo: six Jews shot at (1945),
1

Cung, Dr Wladyslaw: shot (1943),
1

Curacao: no visa needed for,
1

Cytron, Tuviah: attends dying Germans,
1

Czechoslovakia:
1
,
2
; Jews find refuge in,
3
,
4
; disintegrates (1939),
5
; refugees from, in Denmark,
6
; refugees from, in Holland,
7
; and the
Patria
tragedy,
8
; refugees from, in Yugoslavia,
9
; and the Jews of Hungary,
10
; fate of Jews from, at Belzec,
11
,
12
; fate of Jews from, at Sobibor,
13
; German reprisals in (1942),
14
; Jew deported from, on the River Bug,
15
; Jews from, deported to Warsaw,
16
; Jews from, turned back from Switzerland to France,
17
; Jews from, sent to Auschwitz from Theresienstadt,
18
; Jews from, in ranks of the Red Army,
19
; refugees from, in Denmark,
20
; Jews from, murdered at Kovno,
21
; fate of the ‘Czech Family Camp’ of Jews from, at Birkenau,
22
; Jews from, deported from Rhodes (1944),
23
; Jews from, rescued from Yugoslavia,
24
; fate of a former ski champion from,
25
; last moments of a boy from (1945),
26
; a Catholic rescues some Jews from,
27

Czeremosz river: Jews drowned in (1941),
1

Czerkaski, Asher: and a break-out from a ghetto (1942),
1

Czerniakow, Adam: chairman of the Warsaw Jewish Council (1939),
1
; hears news of mass murder (in Vilna),
2
; and German assurances,
3
; a deportation ‘quota’ demanded of,
4
,
5
; commits suicide,
6

Czernowitz: mass murder at (1941),
1

Czestochowa: ‘Bloody Monday’ (1939),
1
; Jewish enterprises confiscated (1939),
2
; Jewish forced labourers from (1940),
3
; ghetto established in,
4
; a deportation to (1941),
5
; visitors to (1942),
6
; a postcard thrown from a train at,
7
; the Jewish Fighting Organization in,
8
n.
9
; resistance, and reprisals in,
10
; a mass execution in (1943),
11
; and the survival of the ghetto (1943),
12
; the author’s great uncle murdered in,
13
; Jews deported to Treblinka from,
14
; resistance in (1943),
15
; evacuation of labour camps near (1945),
16
; a Jewess from, too weak to survive liberation,
17
; two Jews nearly murdered in, after liberation,
18

Czortkow: a deportation from (1942),
1
; a final ‘action’ in (1943),
2

Czuwak, Tuwia: and plans for revolt,
1

Czyste Hospital (Warsaw): forced to move premises to ghetto (1940),
1
; a massacre in (1943),
2

Dabie: death of Jews from (1941),
1
, Dabrowa (Cracow): a Jewish child given sanctuary at,
2
,
3

Dabrowa (Silesia): a courageous act in,
1

Dabrowa (Tarnow): Jews murdered in (1942),
1

Dachau concentration camp: established (1933),
1
,
2
; four Jews murdered in (1933),
3
,
4
; ‘model’ punishment at,
5
; Jews sent to (1937),
6
; Jews released from,
7
,
8
; descriptions of terror in (1938),
9
,
10
; and Shanghai,
11
; Jews reach Britain from (1939),
12
; a death on the way to (1941),
13
; a death in,
14
; the clothing of murdered Jews, sent to for sorting (1943),
15
; Jews deported from Auschwitz to labour camps in the region of (1944),
16
; a helper of Jews deported to,
17
; evacuations to (from October 1944),
18
,
19
; a Jew executed in (November 1944),
20
; the struggle to survive in a camp near,
21
; escape during a march to (1945),
22
; United States
troops enter,
23
; the first sight of,
24
; a survivor of, liberated near,
25
; death of survivors at,
26
,
27
; and revenge,
28
; and a son finds his father at,
29

Dafni, Reuven: and a mission into occupied Europe,
1

Dalnik: mass murder at (1941),
1

Dam Max Van: killed (1943),
1

Daniel, Rabbi (of Kelme): his words of wisdom on the eve of mass murder (1941),
1

Dankiewicz (of Pruszkow): hides a Jewess,
1

Dante: his ‘inferno’ seems ‘almost a comedy’,
1
,
2

Danube, river:
1
; Jews seek safety by,
2
,
3
,
4
,
5
; Jews and Serbs murdered at (1942),
6
; Jews murdered at (1944),
7
,
8

Danzig, Free City of:
1
,
2
; deportees pass through (1944),
3
; evacuation of labour camps near (1945),
4

Danzig-West Prussia: Jews expelled from (1939),
1

Dardanelles, the: barred to Jewish refugees (1940),
1

Darre, Walter:
1

Datner, Szymon: and Bialystok,
1
; and a ‘passive act of heroism’,
2
; his own resistance activities,
3
; and the murder of Jews after liberation,
4
; and the disappearance of a Jew after liberation,
5

Davydov, Vladimir: coordinates a break-out,
1
; escapes, later gives evidence,
2

Day of Atonement: indignities against Jews during (1939),
1
; and the establishment of the Warsaw ghetto (1940),
2
; and ‘eating’,
3
; and the eastern massacres (1941),
4
,
5
; in Warsaw (1942),
6
; at Birkenau (1943),
7
; in the Pawiak prison (1943),
8
; in Riga (1943),
9
; at Plaszow (1943),
10
; at Sobibor (1943)
11
; at Auschwitz-Birkenau (1944),
12
; at Dachau (1944),
13

Days of Awe: killings during (1941),
1

‘Death to a Dog’: a ‘turning point’ in Jewish history,
1

Debica: Poles in, warned not to help Jews,
1

Deception: (and mass murder),
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
,
5
,
6
,
7
,
8
,
9
,
10
,
11
,
12
,
13
,
14
; at Belzec death camp,
15
,
16
; at Treblinka,
17
,
18
,
19
; and illusion,
20
; and Palestine,
21
,
22
,
23
,
24
; and Ponary,
25
; at Auschwitz-Birkenau,
26
,
27
; by postcard,
28
; in Lodz,
29
,
30
; at Theresienstadt,
31
; at Neumark,
32
; at Palmnicken,
33

Defiance: acts of (1941),
1
,
2
; at Lida (1941),
3
; near Kiev (1941),
4
; at Kedainiai (1941),
5
; in Kiev (1941),
6
; at Zagare (1941),
7
; in Lodz (1941),
8
; in White Russia (1941),
9
; at Krugoje,
10
; at Mogilev,
11
; at Bobruisk,
12
; at Kovno,
13
; at Bilgoraj,
14
; at Markuszow,
15
; in Berlin,
16
; at Radziwillow,
17
; in Warsaw,
18
; at Dabrowa Tarnowska,
19
; in Warsaw (June 1942),
20
; at Mielnica,
21
; during the deportations from Warsaw to Treblinka,
22
,
23
,
24
; at Krzemieniec,
25
,
26
; at Falenica,
27
; at Treblinka,
28
,
29
,
30
,
31
; in the Volhynia,
32
; at Lukow,
33
; at Zwierzyniec,
34
; in the Bialystok region,
35
; between Zwierzyniec and Treblinka,
36
; in Lvov,
37
,
38
; in Bialystok (February 1943),
39
; in the cemetery at Piotrkow,
40
; at Ponary (April 1943),
41
; at Treblinka,
42
; on the Belgian-German border,
43
; on the way to Plaszow camp,
44
; in the undressing at Cracow,
45
; at Sobibor,
46
,
47
; at Rohatyn,
48
; at Brody,
49
; at Michalowice,
50
; at Vaivara camp,
51
; at Turno,
52
; at a labour camp in Nowogrodek,
53
; at Babi Yar,
54
; in Minsk,
55
; at Birkenau,
56
,
57
,
58
,
59
; during the ‘Harvest Festival’ massacre (November 1943),
60
; at Poniatowa,
61
; at Miechow,
62
; at the Ninth Fort in Kovno,
63
; at Borki,
64
; in Kovno,
65
,
66
; at Munkacs,
67
; at Satoraljaujhely,
68
; at Bialystok,
69
; at Auschwitz-Birkenau,
70
; in the Black Forest,
71
; at Jasenovac,
72
;
see also index entries for
Courage, acts of
and
Resistance, acts of