The Illusion of Victory (82 page)

94
. Lloyd C. Gardner,
Safe for Democracy: The Anglo-American Response to Revolution
(New York, 1984), 108.

95
. Devlin,
Too Proud to Fight
, 595–607.

96
. Sir Cecil Spring Rice,
The Letters and Friendships of Sir Cecil Spring Rice: A Record
(New York, 1929), 387.

97
. W.B. Fowler,
British-American Relations 1917–1918: The Role of Sir William Wiseman
(Princeton, 1969), 22–23.

98
. William C. Widenor,
Henry Cabot Lodge and the Search for an American Foreign Policy
(Los Angeles, 1980), 264–265. Soon after the declaration of war, Lodge mused in his diary: “I wonder if the future historian will find him [Wilson] out?”

1
. Ray Stannard Baker,
Woodrow Wilson: Life and Letters,
vol. 7,
War Leader
(New York, 1939), 24.

2
. Kennedy,
Over Here
, 144.

3
. Donald Smythe,
Pershing: General of the Armies
(Bloomington, Ind., 1986), 8–9.

4
. John Whiteclay Chambers II,
To Raise an Army: The Draft Comes to Modern America
(New York, 1987), 165.

5
. Blum,
Joe Tumulty and the Wilson Era,
139; Livermore,
Politics Is Adjourned,
17–18; and Chambers,
To Raise an Army
, 161–162, 327 (note 31).

6
. John Milton Cooper, Jr.,
The Warrior and the Priest: Woodrow Wilson and Theodore Roosevelt
(Cambridge, Mass., 1983), 324.

7
. Tumulty,
Woodrow Wilson As I Know Him
, 288. Chambers,
To Raise An Army
, 135–138, notes that Wilson had repeatedly rejected Army Chief of Staff Scott’s call for conscription. But late in March, when Roosevelt announced his plan for a volunteer division, Wilson switched to the draft.

8
. Tumulty,
Woodrow Wilson As I Know Him
, 288.

9
. Kennedy,
Over Here
, 149.

10
. Peterson,
Propaganda for War
, 324. The author’s father-in-law, Albert Mulcahey, confirmed this assumption in a personal interview before his death. A football star in his native Yonkers, he was eager to see action and joined the navy in 1917. To his dismay, he never had a shot fired at him.

11
. Livermore,
Politics Is Adjourned
, 24.

12
. Ibid., 25–28.

13
. Ibid., 28–30.

14
. Baker,
Woodrow Wilson,
vol. 7,
War Leader,
71–72; Herman Hagedorn,
Leonard Wood
(New York, 1931), 219–222.

15
. Geoffrey Hodgson,
The Colonel: The Life and Wars of Henry Stimson, 1867–1950
(New York, 1990), 83–84.

16
. PWW, 42:324–325. Wilson also claimed that regular army officers who would serve with the volunteers were needed to train the draftees and insisted he was acting “under expert and professional advice from both sides of the water.”

17
. Kennedy,
Over Here
, 151.

18
. Baker,
Wilson,
vol. 7,
War Leader
, 73.

19
. Widenor,
Henry Cabot Lodge
, 228.

20
. Ibid., 83–85, 212–214.

21
. Stephen Vaughn,
Holding Fast the Inner Lines: Democracy, Nationalism and the Committee on Public Information
(Chapel Hill, N. C., 1980), 14–19.

22
. Tebbel and Watts,
The Press and the Presidency,
375.

23
. Sullivan,
Our Times,
vol. 5,
Over Here,
427.

24
. George Creel,
How We Advertised America
(New York, 1920), 5.

25
. Hagedorn,
Leonard Wood
, 217.

26
. Peterson,
Propaganda for War
, 323–324.

27
. James R. Mock and Cedric Larson,
Words That Won the War: The Story of the Committee on Public Information
(Princeton, 1939), 114–115.

28
. Ibid., 118.

29
. Kennedy,
Over Here
, 152–153.

30
. H.C. Peterson and Gilbert C. Fite,
Opponents of War, 1917–1918
(Seattle, 1968), 25–26. See also Chambers,
To Raise an Army
, 205ff.

31
. Peterson and Fite,
Opponents of War,
28; Sullivan,
Our Times,
vol. 5,
Over Here
, 309;
Washington Star,
June 5, 1917.

32
. Sullivan,
Our Times,
vol. 5,
Over Here
, 309; and Peterson and Fite,
Opponents of War,
24.

33
.
New York Times,
April 15, 1917; and
Washington Post,
May 3 and 6, 1917.

34
. Livermore,
Politics Is Adjourned
, 33–34.

35
. Peterson and Fite,
Opponents of War,
17.

36
. Robert H. Ferrell,
Woodrow Wilson and World War I, 1917–1921
(New York, 1995), 120.

37
. Smythe,
Pershing: General of the Armies
, 8.

38
. Ibid.; and Kennedy,
Over Here
, 170.

39
. Weinstein,
Woodrow Wilson: A Medical and Psychological Biography
, 316.

40
. Ibid., 317.

41
. Hagedorn,
Leonard Wood
, 217; and Smythe,
Pershing: General of the Armies,
3.

42
. Frank E. Vandiver,
Black Jack: The Life and Times of John J. Pershing
(College Station, Tex., 1977), 595–598.

43
. Smythe,
Pershing: General of the Armies
, 4.

44
. John J. Pershing,
My Experiences in the World War
(New York, 1931), 1; and Vandiver,
Black Jack
, 675–676.

45
. Pershing,
My Experiences
, 2.

46
. Hagedorn,
Leonard Wood
, 213; and Pershing,
My Experiences,
16, 26.

47
. Smythe,
Pershing: General of the Armies,
9–10.

48
. Pershing,
My Experiences,
23; and Smythe,
Pershing: General of the Armies
, 11.

49
. Edward M. Coffman,
The War to End Wars: The American Military Experience in World War I
(Madison, Wis., 1966), 48–49.

50
. Pershing,
My Experiences
, 42.

51
. Kennedy,
Over Here
, 74.

52
. Joan M. Jensen,
The Price of Vigilance
(New York, 1968), 15–16.

53
. Ibid., 24–25.

54
. Ibid., 43–45.

55
. Peterson and Fite,
Opponents of War
, 45–46, 74.

56
. Ibid., 30–33.

57
. Ibid., 34–35.

58
. Paul L. Murphy,
World War I and the Origin of Civil Liberties in the United States
(New York, 1979), 130–132.

59
. Buckley,
The New York Irish,
181–182.

60
. Baker,
Woodrow Wilson,
vol. 7,
War Leader
, 197; Kennedy,
Over Here
, 88.

61
. Mark Ellis,
Race, War and Surveillance: African Americans and the United States Government During World War I
(Bloomington, Ind., 2001), 15–17, 26.

62
. Ibid., 31ff; and Peterson and Fite,
Opponents of War
, 87–88.

63
. Ellis,
Race War and Surveillance
, 42.

64
. Ibid., 46; and Peterson and Fite,
Opponents of War
, 89–90.

65
. Peterson and Fite,
Opponents of War,
90.

66
. Smythe,
Pershing: General of the Armies
, 15.

67
. Ibid., 16.

68
. Ibid., 17.

69
. James G. Harbord,
The American Army in France, 1917–19
(Boston, 1936), 79.

70
. Smythe,
Pershing: General of the Armies
, 30; Harbord,
The American Army in France,
79–80; and Pershing,
My Experiences
, 59–60.

71
. Vandiver,
Black Jack,
718–719.

72
. Pershing,
My Experiences
, 78.

73
. Smythe,
Pershing: General of the Armies
, 21–22.

74
. Richard M. Watt,
Dare Call It Treason
(New York, 1963), 251–252.

75
. Pershing,
My Experiences
, 75; Coffman,
The War to End All Wars
, 124.

1
. Kennedy,
Over Here
, 65; and Mock and Larson,
Words That Won the War
, 73, 228.

2
. George Creel,
Rebel at Large
(New York, 1947), 161; and Vaughn,
Holding Fast the Inner Lines
, 221–222.

3
. Kennedy,
Over Here,
71.

4
. Vaughn,
Holding Fast the Inner Lines
, 197–198.

5
. Tebbel and Watts,
The Press and the Presidency,
383.

6
.
New York Times,
July 7 and August 12, 1917; and Baker,
Woodrow Wilson,
vol. 7,
War Leader,
143. In a postwar defense of the CPI, Creel printed the U.S. Navy’s official report of the voyage, which mentioned several attacks and evidence (debris, oil) of one submarine destroyed by a depth charge. He also reprinted newspaper stories quoting enlisted men who claimed six submarines had been sunk. Captain George C. Marshall, who was aboard one of the ships, makes no mention of a sustained submarine assault in his memoir of his World War I days. One is forced to wonder if the navy’s report was “improved” (George Creel,
How We Advertised America
[New York, 1920], 28–41).

7
. Ronald Schaffer,
America in the Great War
(New York, 1991), 98–104; Coffman,
The War to End All Wars,
80–81, 132–133; and Christopher Capozzola, “The Only Badge Needed Is Your Patriotic Fervor: Vigilance, Coercion and the Law in World War I America,”
Journal of American History
88, no. 4 (March 2002): 1370–1373. Capozzola tells of one woman who was given an indefinite term in the Sherburne Reformatory for Women in Massachusetts when the Protective Bureau found her living with a soldier.

8
. Smythe,
Pershing: General of the Armies
, 31–32. One cynical Frenchman reportedly declared, “We will fight until not a single Belgian remains on French soil.”

9
. Richard O’Connor,
Black Jack Pershing: A Candid Biography of America’s First Six Star General Since George Washington
(New York, 1961), 171.

10
. Richard Goldhurst,
Pipe Clay and Drill: John J. Pershing, the Classic American Soldier
(New York, 1977), 279–280.

11
. Ibid., 281.

12
. O’Connor,
Black Jack Pershing
, 185.

13
. Mead,
The Doughboys
, 67–68.

14
. Smythe,
Pershing: General of the Armies,
33–34.

15
. Baker,
Woodrow Wilson,
vol. 7,
War Leader,
133–134, 149, 151. Margaret L. Coit,
Mr. Baruch
(New York, 1957), 165–174.

16
.
Washington Post,
July 17, 1917.

17
. Livermore,
Politics Is Adjourned
, 53–54; and Baker,
Woodrow Wilson,
vol. 7,
War Leader,
187–189.

18
. Livermore,
Politics Is Adjourned
, 55–56.

19
. Ibid., 57.

20
. Baker,
Woodrow Wilson,
vol. 7,
War Leader,
109–110.

21
. Ibid., 181–183.

22
. Livermore,
Politics Is Adjourned
, 58.

23
. Ibid., 59–60.

24
. Ibid., 60–61.

25
. Gardner,
Safe for Democracy
, 143.

26
. Ibid., 144.

27
. PWW, 44:20; and Gardner,
Safe for Democracy,
143–144.

28
. PWW, 44:21–22.

29
. PWW, 44:57–58.

30
. PWW, 44:83.

31
. Gardner,
Safe for Democracy,
146.

32
. Steel,
Walter Lippmann and the American Century,
127–129.

33
. PWW, 44:49.

34
. Frederick C. Luebke,
Bonds of Loyalty: German Americans and World War I
(DeKalb, Ill., 1974), 244.