The Illusion of Victory (85 page)

8
. Case and La Follette,
Robert M. La Follette
, 869, 873. Joseph Davies remained a prominent Democrat, serving as ambassador to Moscow in the late 1930s.

9
. PWW, 48:162–166.

10
. Livermore,
Politics Is Adjourned,
135; and Blum,
JoeTumulty and the Wilson Era
, 160–161.

11
. Hagedorn,
Leonard Wood
, 283–284, 297.

12
. Ibid., 294, 303.

13
. Ray Stannard Baker,
Woodrow Wilson: Life and Letters,
vol. 8,
Armistice
(New York, 1939), 209.

14
. Livermore,
Politics Is Adjourned,
159–160.

15
. Kennedy,
Over Here,
238–239.

16
. Livermore,
Politics Is Adjourned
, 139–140; 160–162.

17
. Ibid., 163–164.

18
. Blum,
Joe Tumulty and the Wilson Era
, 155–156.

19
. Livermore,
Politics Is Adjourned
, 166–167.

20
. Baker,
Woodrow Wilson,
vol. 8,
Armistice,
75–76. The speech also reflected Wilson’s reaction to the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, which convinced him there was no hope of a negotiated peace with the German government (Wheeler-Bennett,
Brest-Litovsk: The Forgotten Peace
, 364–366).

21
. Melvyn Dubofsky,“
Big Bill” Haywood
(New York, 1987), 121. After the war, Haywood was freed on bail while his sentence was appealed. When the higher courts upheld it, he fled to Moscow, where he died in 1928.

22
. Peterson and Fite,
Opponents of War
, 184.

23
. Nick Salvatore,
Eugene V. Debs: Citizen and Socialist
(Chicago, 1982), 288–289, 292–293.

24
. Ibid., 295–296.

25
. Ward,
The Motion Picture Goes to War
, 55–56.

26
. Ross,
Propaganda for War,
262–263.

27
. Ward,
Motion Picture Goes to War
, 56–57.
Heart of Humanity
also featured a scene in which German soldiers dumped milk donated by the American Red Cross while starving Belgians watched.

28
. Baker,
Woodrow Wilson,
vol. 8,
Armistice,
213.

29
. Ward,
Motion Picture Goes to War
, 57.

30
. Newell Dwight Hillis,
German Atrocities: Their Nature and Philosophy
(New York, 1918), 139–140; and Peterson and Fite,
Opponents of War
, 183.

31
. Peterson and Fite,
Opponents of War
, 195–197.

32
. Ibid., 200.

33
. Luebke,
Bonds of Loyalty,
3–10.

34
. Peterson and Fite,
Opponents of War,
203–204.

35
. Baker,
Woodrow Wilson,
vol. 8,
Armistice,
102–103.

36
. PWW, 49:98.

37
. Peterson and Fite,
Opponents of War
, 210–212.

38
. Ibid., 209.

39
. Ibid., 224.

40
. Ibid., 225.

41
.
Washington Evening Post
, August 25, 1918.

42
. Baker,
Woodrow Wilson,
vol. 7,
War Leader,
165 n.

43
. Ellis,
Race, War and Surveillance,
102–103.

44
. Ibid., 103–104.

45
. Frank Freidel,
Franklin D. Roosevelt: The Apprenticeship
(Boston, 1952), 337–338.

46
. Ward,
A First-Class Temperament
, 383.

47
. Ibid., 385; and Morgan,
FDR
, 194.

48
. FDR Diary, 1918, Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library, Assistant Secretary of the Navy Papers 1913–1920 (hereafter cited as ASN Papers) Box 33, 5.

49
. Ibid., 7–8.

50
. Ward,
A First-Class Temperament,
392–399.

51
. FDR Diary, ASN Papers, 37.

52
. Ibid., 38.

53
. Renehan,
The Lion’s Pride
, 205–206.

54
. Ward,
A First-Class Temperament
, 399; and Morgan,
FDR,
197.

55
. FDR Diary, ASN Papers, 40–41.

56
. Ibid., 44.

57
. Ibid., 42.

58
. Ibid., 46.

59
. Ibid., 47; and Ward,
A First-Class Temperament
, 400–401 n.

60
. FDR Diary, ASN Papers, 48.

61
. Morgan,
FDR
, 199.

62
. Ward,
A First-Class Temperament
, 411–412; and Morgan,
FDR
, 200–201.

63
. Millard,
I Saw Them Die
, 42–44.

64
. Ibid., 37.

65
. Ibid., 78.

66
. Baker,
Woodrow Wilson,
vol. 8,
Armistice,
266.

67
. Gardner,
Safe for Democracy
, 170.

68
. Ibid., 172.

69
. Ibid., 177.

70
. Ferrell,
Woodrow Wilson and World War I
, 270 n.

71
. George F. Kennan,
The Decision to Intervene
(Princeton, 1958), 421.

1
. James,
Years of MacArthur,
vol. 1,
1880–1941,
156–157, 181.

2
. Ibid., 191.

3
. Millett,
The General
, 386–387; and Coffman,
The War to End All Wars,
253.

4
. Robert Lee Bullard,
Personalities and Reminiscences of the War
(Garden City, N.Y., 1925), 236–237; and Millett,
The General
, 387–388. By way of compensation, Bullard wryly noted, the French issued a communiqué saying the Americans had stopped a German counteroffensive. Hervey Allen,
Toward the Flame
(New York, 1926), 236ff, describes the Fismette massacre in horrendous detail.

5
. Toland,
No Man’s Land
, 414.

6
. Smythe,
Pershing: General of the Armies,
176.

7
. Pershing,
My Experiences,
2:247–248.

8
. Ibid., 358.

9
. Dale E. Wilson,
Treat ’Em Rough: The Birth of American Armor,
1917–20 (Novato, Calif., 1990), 112, 114.

10
. Harry S. Semmes,
Portrait of Patton
(New York, 1964), 54–55.

11
. Smythe,
Pershing: General of the Armies
, 193.

12
. Timothy K. Nenninger,“Tactical Dysfunction in the AEF,”
Military History
, October 1987, 180.

13
. Paul Braim,
The Test of Battle
(New Haven, 1988), 104–105.

14
. Ibid., 115.

15
. Toland,
No Man’s Land
, 466–467. Summerall blamed the inadequate amount of artillery allocated to each division for the American inability to deal with enemy machine guns. But he was also an early convert to the British doctrine of HCI: high casualties inevitable. Hillman,
Soissons, 1918,
41, notes Summerall once said: “Sir, when the 1st Division has only two men left, they will be echeloned in depth and attacking toward Berlin!” Hillman adds:“He would have been a wonderful ‘talking head’ on CNN.”

16
. Nenninger, “Tactical Dysfunction in the AEF,” 180; and Bullard,
Personalities and Reminiscences of the War
, 249ff. General Bullard opined that if the war had continued for another year, the Americans would have had to shoot as many stragglers as the British did annually to keep divisions in the front lines.

17
. Coffman,
The War to End All Wars
, 340.

18
. Shipley Thomas,
History of the AEF
(New York, 1920), 298–300; and Braim,
Test of Battle
, 126.

19
. Toland,
No Man’s Land
, 468–473.

20
. Smythe,
Pershing: General of the Armies
, 208.

21
. Ibid., 209; and Marshall,
Memoir of My Services in the World War,
176.

22
. James,
Years of MacArthur,
vol. 1,
1880–1941,
217–220; and Smythe,
Pershing: General of the Armies
, 214.

23
. Ibid., 217–218.

24
. Millard,
I Saw Them Die
, 92–107.

25
. Baldwin,
Canteening Overseas
, 125–145.

26
. Renehan,
The Lion’s Pride
, 178–179.

27
. Ward,
A First-Class Temperament
, 409.

28
. Garraty,
Henry Cabot Lodge
, 341.

29
. Livermore,
Politics Is Adjourned
, 212.

30
. Garraty,
Henry Cabot Lodge
, 341.

31
. Case and La Follette,
Robert M. La Follette,
892.

32
. Livermore,
Politics Is Adjourned
, 182–183.

33
. Blum,
Joe Tumulty and the Wilson Era
, 148; and Case and La Follette,
Robert M. La Follette,
892.

34
. Livermore,
Politics Is Adjourned
, 183–184.

35
. Norman H. Clark,
Deliver Us from Evil: An Interpretation of American Prohibition
(New York, 1967), 94ff, 125–126.

36
. Ibid., 128–129.

37
. Ibid.
,
129; and Blum,
Joe Tumulty and the Wilson Era
, 149.

38
. Blum,
Joe Tumulty and the Wilson Era
, 149.

39
. Livermore,
Politics Is Adjourned
, 172, 176.

40
. Blum,
Joe Tumulty and the Wilson Era
, 158–159.

41
. Seymour,
Intimate Papers of Colonel House
, 4:64–65.

42
. Ibid., 71–72.

43
. Ibid., 71.

44
. Ibid.; and Livermore,
Politics Is Adjourned
, 214.

45
. Asprey,
German High Command at War
, 447–450.

46
. Ibid., 462. See also Ferrell,
Woodrow Wilson and World War I
, 130.

47
. Asprey,
German High Command at War,
466–467; and Roger Chickering,
Imperial Germany and the Great War, 1914–1918
(Cambridge, 1998), 187.

48
. Richard M. Watt,
The Kings Depart: The Tragedy of Germany, Versailles and the German Revolution
(New York, 1968), 136–147.

49
. Chickering,
Imperial Germany and the Great War
, 188.

50
. Seymour,
Intimate Papers of Colonel House,
4:73–74; and Chickering,
Imperial Germany and the Great War
, 168.

51
. Seymour,
Intimate Papers of Colonel House
, 4:74–75.

52
. Ibid., 75.

53
. Ibid., 76.

54
. Case and La Follette,
Robert M. La Follette
, 896.

55
. Seymour,
Intimate Papers of Colonel House,
4:78–79; and Robert H. Ferrell,
Ill-Advised: Presidential Health and Public Trust
(Columbia, Mo., 1992), 14. Grayson limited Wilson’s workday to four hours whenever possible.

56
. Seymour,
Intimate Papers of Colonel House,
4:78–79; and Livermore,
Politics Is Adjourned
, 214–215.

57
. Blum,
Joe Tumulty and the Wilson Era,
163; Livermore,
Politics Is Adjourned
, 216; Baker,
Woodrow Wilson,
vol. 8,
Armistice
, 495.

58
. Seymour,
Intimate Papers of Colonel House
, 4:84.

59
. Ibid., 75–79; Ferrell,
Woodrow Wilson and World War I,
130–131; and Asprey,
German High Command at War
, 481.

60
. Livermore,
Politics Is Adjourned
, 216; and Garraty,
Henry Cabot Lodge,
342.

61
. PWW, 51:381–382.

62
. Baker,
Woodrow Wilson,
vol. 8,
Armistice,
513–514 n; Blum,
Joe Tumulty and the Wilson Era,
165; Garraty,
Henry Cabot Lodge,
342; and Case and La Follette,
Robert M. La Follette
, 899–900.

63
. Blum,
Joe Tumulty and the Wilson Era
, 165–166; and Selig Adler,“The Congressional Election of 1918,”
South Atlantic Quarterly,
October 1937, 459.