The Imjin War (88 page)

[593]
Aston, 52-53;
Sonjo sujong sillok
, vol. 4, 120 (2/Sonjo 30; March-April 1597).

[594]
Imperial edict of the Wanli emperor, in Kuno, vol. 1, 169-170.

[595]
Edict by Hideyoshi, 20/11/Keicho 1 (Jan. 8, 1597), in Antonio de Morga,
Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas
(Mexico, 1609), in Blair and Robertson, vol. 15, 122-123.

[596]
George Elison,
Deus Destroyed
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1973), 135-139; Boxer,
Christian Century
, 237-239.

[597]
Father Martin de Aguirre to Antonio de Morga, Lieutenant Governor of Manila, Jan. 28, 1597, in Morga,
Sucesos
, in Blair and Robertson, vol. 15, 124-125.

[598]
Hideyoshi to Francisco Tello, Governor of the Philippines, in Boxer,
Christian Century
, 169.

[599]
Morga,
Sucesos,
in Blair and Robertson, vol. 15, 128.

Chapter 23: The Arrest and Imprisonment of Yi Sun-sin

[600]
Sonjo sujong sillok
, vol. 4, 85 (12/Sonjo 27; Jan. 1595);
Sonjo sillok
, vol. 14, 75-76 (1/12/Sonjo 27; Jan. 10, 1595).

[601]
Sonjo sillok
, vol. 18, 160-161 (26/6/Sonjo 29; July 21, 1596).

[602]
Ibid
.
, vol. 19, 153 (21/10/Sonjo 29; Dec. 10, 1596).

[603]
Ibid
.
, vol. 19, 205-207 (7/11/Sonjo 29; Dec. 25, 1596).

[604]
Yi Hyong-sok, vol. 2, 992.

[605]
Yi Won-ik,
Ori-jip
, quoted in Yi Pun, 221-222. Yi Sun-sin writes of Yi Won-ik’s visit in his diary, 19-29/8/Ulmi (Sept. 22-Oct. 2, 1595), in
Nanjung ilgi
, 172-174.

[606]
Yu Song-nyong, 201; Cho Kyong-nam, “Nanjung chapnok,” in
Saryoro bonun
, 230.

[607]
Sonjo sujong sillok
, vol. 4, 119-120 (2/Sonjo 30; Mar. 1597).

[608]
Yu Song-nyong, 202.

[609]
Sonjo sillok
, vol. 20, 108-109 (23/1/Sonjo 30; Mar. 10, 1597).

[610]
Ibid
.
, vol. 20, 127-130 (27/1/Sonjo 30; Mar. 14, 1597).

[611]
Ibid
.
, vol. 20, 154-155 (4/2/Sonjo 30; Mar. 21, 1597); Yi Jae-bom, 120-121.

[612]
Sonjo sillok
, vol. 20, 240 (4/3/Sonjo 30; April 19, 1597); Yi Pun, 222-224.

[613]
Yi Pun, 224; Yu Song-nyong, 201-202.

[614]
The most complete English-language accounts of Yi Sun-sin’s downfall can be found in Jho Sung-do, 178-186, and Park Yune-hee, 189-195.

[615]
Diary entry for 1/4/Chongyu (May 16, 1597), Yi Sun-sin,
Nanjung ilgi
, 257.

[616]
Choi Du-hwan gives a day-by-day breakdown of Yi’s journey south in
“Chukgoja hamyon sallira.”: Chungmugong Yi Sun-sin gyore-rul kuhan myonoh 88 kaji
(Seoul: Hakminsa, 1998), 220.

[617]
Diary entry for 16/4/Chongyu (May 31, 1597), Yi Sun-sin,
Nanjung ilgi
, 261.

PART 5: THE SECOND INVASION

[618]
Giles, 158.

Chapter 24: “Water, Thunder, and Great Disaster”

[619]
The seventh and concluding item in Hideyoshi’s orders launching the second invasion of Korea, recorded in the
Chosen ki
(Korean Record) of samurai Okochi Hidemoto, in George Elison, “The Priest Keinen and His Account of the Campaign in Korea, 1597-1598: An Introduction,” in
Nihon kyoikushi ronso: Motoyama Yukihiko Kyoju taikan kinen rombunshu
(Kyoto: Shinbunkaku, 1988), 28.

[620]
Yi Hyong-sok, vol. 2, 1725.

[621]
Ibid., 1723.

[622]
Dening, 253.

[623]
The bibyonsa refused to accept the letter when it arrived in Seoul (
Sonjo sillok
, vol. 20, 154 [1/2/Sonjo 30; Mar. 18, 1597]).

[624]
Han Chi-yun, “Haedong yoksa,” in
Saryoro bonun
, 224;
Sonjo sillok
, vol. 20, 99 (21/1/Sonjo 30; Mar. 8, 1597).

[625]
Park Yune-hee, 197.

[626]
According to Murdoch, 355, Hideyoshi’s “commanders had asked for supplies from Japan, and had pointed out that if these were not forwarded they would have to wait till the grain ripened in Korea; but Hideyoshi, in consistent adherence to the maxim of subsisting the war in the enemy’s country, had ordered his generals to wait till harvest-time.”

[627]
Palais,
Confucian Statecraft
, 85.

[628]
Samuel Dukhae Kim, 99-102 and 116.

[629]
Sonjo sillok
, vol. 20, 154 (1/2/Sonjo 30; Mar. 18, 1597).

[630]
Yu Song-nyong, 204.

[631]
Goodrich, vol. 1, 331. Yang Chae-suk quotes the figure of 80,000 Ming troops mobilized for Korea by the end of 1597 (
Imjin waeran
, 312).

[632]
Huang, “Lung-ch’ing,” 576; Kuno, vol. 1, 170-171.

[633]
Huang, “Lung-ch’ing,” 572.

[634]
Sonjo sillok
, vol. 21, 163-164 (21/5/Sonjo 30; July 5, 1597).

[635]
Ibid
.
, vol. 21, 172-173 (25/5/Sonjo 30; July 9, 1597).

[636]
Yu Song-nyong, 204;
Sonjo sujong sillok
, vol. 4, 125 (5/Sonjo 30; June/July 1597).

[637]
Sonjo sujong sillok
, vol. 4, 120 (2/Sonjo 30; Mar./April, 1597); Han Chi-yun, “Haedong yoksa,” in
Saryoro bonun
, 226.

[638]
Yu Song-nyong, 205; Sin Kyong, “Chaejobongbangji,” in
Saryoro bonun
, 233.

[639]
Diary entry for 8/5/Chongyu (June 22, 1597), Yi Sun-sin,
Nanjung ilgi
, 267-268.

[640]
Ibid
.
, 267.

[641]
Diary entry for 12/5/Chongyu (June 26, 1597), ibid
.,
269.

[642]
Sansom, 360-361.

[643]
Sonjo sillok
, vol. 21, 250-253 (14/6/Sonjo 30; July 27, 1597).

[644]
Yu Song-nyong, 206;
Sonjo sillok
, vol. 21, 237 (11/6/Sonjo 30; July 24, 1597).

[645]
Sonjo sillok
, vol. 21, 298-299 (28/6/Sonjo 30; Aug. 10, 1597).

[646]
Diary entry for 17/6/Chongyu (July 30, 1597), Yi Sun-sin,
Nanjung ilgi
, 280.

[647]
Sonjo sujong sillok
, vol. 4, 125 (6/Sonjo 30; July/Aug., 1597).

[648]
Yu Song-nyong, 206; Cho Kyong-nam,
Nanjung chapnok
, quoted in Yi Chae-bom, 154.

[649]
Park Yune-hee, 198.

[650]
In the court discussions preceding Won’s reappointment to naval commander in March of 1597, King Sonjo observed that “Won Kyun is brave, but he doesn’t think much. It we reappoint him to Kyongsang naval command, who will control him and prevent him from charging at the Japanese precipitously?” (
Sonjo sillok
, vol. 20, 129 [27/1/Sonjo 30; Mar. 14, 1597]).

[651]
Sadler, “Naval Campaign,” 202.

[652]
This account of the Battle of Chilchonnyang is based on accounts in
Sonjo sillok
, vol. 22, 26-27 (22/7/Sonjo 30; Sept. 3, 1597);
Sonjo sujong sillok
, vol. 4, 126 (7/Sonjo 30; Aug./Sept., 1597); Yu Song-nyong, 205-207; Park Yune-hee, 198-200; Jho Sung-do, 190-191; Aston, 55-56.

[653]
Yu Song-nyong, 207.

[654]
Cho Kyong-nam, “Nanjung chapnok,” in
Saryoro bonun
, 237.

[655]
Hideyoshi to Kato Yoshiaki, Todo Takatoro, and others, 13/9/Keicho 2 (Oct. 23, 1597), in Cho Chung-hwa,
Dashi ssunun imjin waeran-sa
(Seoul: Hakmin-sa, 1996), 133-137.

[656]
Sadler, “Naval Campaign,” 202.

[657]
Sonjo sillok
, vol. 22, 27-31 and 33 (22/7/Sonjo 30; Sept. 3, 1597);
Sonjo sujong sillok
, vol. 4, 126 (7/Sonjo 30; Aug./Sept., 1597).

[658]
Diary entries for 16 and 21/7/Chongyu (Aug. 28 and Sept. 2, 1597), Yi Sun-sin,
Nanjung ilgi
, 290-291 and 293.

[659]
Diary entry for 18/7/Chongyu (Aug. 30, 1597), ibid., 292. A map of Yi’s journey listing dates, distances, and every stop along the way appears in Choi Du-hwan,
Chukgoja
, 235.

[660]
Diary entries for 2~3/8/Chongyu (Sept. 12~13, 1597), Yi Sun-sin,
Nanjung ilgi
, 295-296.

Chapter 25: The Japanese Advance Inland

[661]
The seventh and concluding item in Hideyoshi’s orders to his commanders, recorded in the
Chosen ki
(Korean Record) of samurai Okochi Hidemoto, in Elison, “Keinen,” 28.

[662]
Hideyoshi’s instructions to Inspector General Ota Kazuyoshi, ibid., 28.

[663]
Elisonas, “Trinity,” 290-291.

[664]
Yi Hyong-sok, vol. 2, 1728.

[665]
Griffis,
Corea
, 130.

[666]
This account of the Battle of Namwon is based mainly on Yu Song-nyong, 212-215 (Yu’s account is based on eyewitness testimony from Kim Hyo-ui, one of the few survivors of the battle.); Sin Kyong, “Chaejobonbangji,” in
Saryoro bonun
, 238-241;
Sonjo sujong sillok
, vol. 4, 127-128 (9/Sonjo 30; Oct. 1597); Yang Jae-suk,
Imjin waeran
, 321-325; Aston, 56-57; Hulbert, vol. 2, 32-33.

[667]
Okochi Hidemoto,
Chosen ki
, in Turnbull,
Samurai Invasion
, 194.

[668]
Keinen,
Chosen nichinichi ki
, in Yang jae-suk,
Imjin waeran
, 324-325.

[669]
Turnbull,
Samurai Invasion
, 196.

[670]
Okochi Hidemoto,
Chosen ki
, in Cho Chung-hwa,
Paro chapun
, 111. According to a Japanese soldier captured on November 3, about one hundred Japanese were killed in the Battle of Namwon (
Sonjo sillok
, vol. 22, 198 [2/10/Sonjo 30; Nov. 10, 1597]).

[671]
According to information from a Japanese officer captured by the Koreans some weeks later, Kato set out from Sosaengpo intent on beating Konishi to Namwon, but failed to do so because of the circuitous route he took (
Sonjo sillok
, vol. 22, 207 [3/10/Sonjo 30’ Nov. 11, 1597]).

[672]
Yu Song-nyong, 209-210.

[673]
Hideyoshi to Nabeshima Naoshige, Kato Kiyomasa, Kuroda Nagamasa, and others, 22/9/Keicho 2 (Nov. 1, 1597): “I have noted with satisfaction that the head of the governor of Kimhae was cut off by Kuroda Nagamasa, and that 353 Choson soldiers inside the fortress were killed, along with several thousand civilians in the valley below.” (Cho Chung-hwa,
Dashi ssunun
, 108-109.) The Japanese evidently mistook someone else’s head for that of Kimhae governor Baek Sa-rim, for Baek is known to have fled Hwangsoksansong before the battle.

[674]
Yu Song-nyong, 209-211;
Sonjo sujong sillok
, vol. 4, 126-127 (8/Sonjo 30; Sept.-Oct. 1597); Yi Hyong-sok, vol. 2, 1002-1003.