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ALSO BY JAMES GLEICK
Chaos: Making a New Science
Genius: The Life and Science of Richard Feynman
Faster: The Acceleration of Just About Everything
What Just Happened: A Chronicle from the Information Frontier
Isaac Newton
James Gleick was born in New York City in 1954. His previous books include
Chaos
and
Genius
, both Pulitzer Prize finalists and National Book Award nominees. His last book,
Isaac Newton
, was also a Pulitzer Prize finalist. They have been translated into more than twenty languages. His Web site is at
www.around.com
.
4.1
Photograph courtesy of the Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
6.1
The New York Times Archive/Redux
7.1
Copyright Robert Lord
7.2
Reprinted with permission from
Journal Franklin Institute
, vol. 262, E. F. Moore and C. E. Shannon, “Reliable Circuits Using Less Reliable Rays,” pp. 191–208, © 1956, with permission from Elsevier.
7.3
Taken from
Claude Elwood Shannon Collected Papers
, ed. NJA Sloane & Aaron Wyner © 1993 IEEE
7.4
Taken from
Claude Elwood Shannon Collected Papers
, ed. NJA Sloane & Aaron Wyner, © 1993 IEEE
7.5
© Mary E. Shannon
8.1
Alfred Eisenstaedt/Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images
8.2
Keystone/Stringer/Hulton Archive/Getty Images
8.3
Alfred Eisenstaedt/Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images
9.1
Taken from
Entropy and Energy Levels
by Gasser & Richards (1974) Figs. 9.7, 9.8 pp. 117–118. By permission of Oxford University Press.
9.2
From
Symbols, Signals & Noise
by J. R. Pierce (Harper & Brothers, NY, 1961), p. 199.
9.3
Copyright © 2010 Stanley Angrist, reprinted by permission of Basic Books, a member of the Perseus Books Group.
9.4
Reproduced from
Fundamentals of Cybernetics
, Lerner AY (Plenum Publishing Corp., NY 1975), p. 257.
9.5
Copyright © 2010 Stanley Angrist, reprinted by permission of Basic Books, a member of the Perseus Books Group
12.1
Courtesy NASA/JPL-Caltech
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Christopher Fuchs