The King's Cardinal: The Rise and Fall of Thomas Wolsey (Pimlico) (128 page)

⁶⁶
Hoskins,
Age of Plunder
, p.87 for the harvest figures.

⁶⁷
Palliser,
Age of Elizabeth
, p, 171 for a table of relative movements of grain and wool prices. But for the argument that there was no financial advantage to be obtained from conversion see Blanchard.

⁶⁸
Thirsk (ed.),
Agrarian History
, p.214.

⁶⁹
Translated in
English Historical Documents
, pp.1014-16.

⁷⁰
Nichols,
Grants from the Crown
, pp.1i-lii; also in
English Historical Documents
, p.1016.

⁷¹
4 Hen. VII c. 16; 4 Hen.
VII
c.19.

⁷²
Thirsk (ed.),
Agraian History
, pp.217-38; Palliser,
Age of Elizabeth
, pp.178-85.

⁷³
C. Dyer,
EcHR
, 2 ser., 35, p.25.

⁷⁴
The index price of wheat shot up from 132 in 1481, a figure which was anyway high, to 177, the highest it had been for over thirty years, and a figure not passed until 1543; see Thirsk (ed.),
Agrarian History
, pp.815-19.

⁷⁵
C. Dyer,
EcHR
, 2 ser., 35, p.24.

⁷⁶
Tierney, p.22

⁷⁷
For a still useful introduction to the vast literature on the relationship between humanism and politics see Elton,
Reform and Renewal
, pp.1-8.

⁷⁸
Gras, pp.223-6; Thirsk (ed.),
Agrarian History
, pp.214-15.

⁷⁹
Both the 1515 Acts mention it.

⁸⁰
For this episode see PRO STAC 2/13/183-4 printed in
Tudor Economic Documents
, i, pp.29 ff. The dating of the episode can be ascertained from the documents, but not when the case appeared in Star Chamber, which for the present argument is unfortunate.

⁸¹
Gay,
Quarterly Journal of Economics
, xvii, p.581.

⁸²
PRO E 159/298, Mich., 11 Hen.
VIII
, m.xiv; C 43/28/6, no.24; C 47/7/2/3, no.7; Scarisbrick, ‘Cardinal Wolsey’, p.48.

⁸³
Scarisbrick, ‘Cardinal Wolsey’, p.61; Parker, ‘Enclosure’, pp.51 ff.

⁸⁴
For this estimate see Scarisbrick, ‘Cardinal Wolsey’, p.56. It was, incidently, the plea that Thomas More made.

⁸⁵
Ibid, pp.63-4.

⁸⁶
Ibid, p.52.

⁸⁷
Ibid, pp.53-4.

⁸⁸
PRO C 43/28/6/4. What the court made of his defence does not emerge.

⁸⁹
PRO E 368/297, m.xxiv; see also Scarisbrick, ‘Cardinal Wolsey’, p.61; Parker, pp.55-7.

⁹⁰
It cannot have helped that there was considerable uncertainty whether 1 Hen.
VII
(1485-6) or 4 Hen.
VII
(1489-90) should be taken as the
terminus a quo
for illegal enclosure.

⁹¹
Scarisbrick, ‘Cardinal Wolsey’, p.60; also PRO STAC 2/6/176; STAC 2/22/352 for other cases in which convertible husbandry was used as a defence. For convertible husbandry itself see Kerridge,
Agricultural Revolution
. pp.188 ff; Dyer, Dugdale Society, 27, pp.28 ff.

⁹²
See p.420 above.

⁹³
Alcock,
Warwickshire History
, p.182.

⁹⁴
Parker, ‘Enclosure’, pp.35-8, 188.

⁹⁵
Ibid, pp.51 ff.

⁹⁶
Ibid, p.187.

⁹⁷
Scarisbrick, ‘Cardinal Wolsey’, p.52 for these figures.

⁹⁸
Ibid, p.62.

⁹⁹
In arguing that no permanent reversal occurred I rely heavily on Parker, ‘Enclosure’, the most detailed and convincing study of sixteenth-century enclosure yet to appear.

¹⁰⁰
Parker,
Trans. of the Leicestershire Archaeological Society
, xxiv, p.42, n.2; ‘Enclosure’, pp.26 ff; also Ramsey, pp.26-7; Wordie, pp.41-76.

¹⁰¹
Palliser,
Age of Elizabeth
, pp.171, 178-85; Thirsk (ed.),
Agrarian History
, pp.227 ff.

¹⁰²
Parker, ‘Enclosure’, p.187.

¹⁰³
PRO C 43/28/3/3; Scarisbrick, ‘Cardinal Wolsey’, p.54.

¹⁰⁴
PRO E 368/296, Mich. 14 Hen.
VIII
, m.ix; Scarisbrick, ‘Cardinal Wolsey’, p.56, n.24.

¹⁰⁵
PRO E 368/298, Hil. 16 Hen.
VIII
.

¹⁰⁶
PRO C 54/388/32.

¹⁰⁷
PRO C 43/28/3/9.

¹⁰⁸
PRO E 159/302, Mich. 15 Hen.
VIII
, m.xix.

¹⁰⁹
Scarisbrick, ‘Cardinal Wolsey’, pp.63-4. For the money accruing see p.413 above.

¹¹⁰
Richard Fox, pp.112-14 (
LP
, ii, 4540) for all the quotations.

¹¹¹
Dyer, Dugdale Society, 27, pp.19ff; Lamond, pp.49,122; Thirsk (ed.),
Agrarian History
, pp.207-8.

¹¹²
Thomas Smith, pp.74-5.

¹¹³
6 Hen.
VIII
c.5; 6 Hen.
VIII
c.11; 14 & 15 Hen.
VIII
c.7;
TRP
, nos.86, 108, 112, 118.

¹¹⁴
6 Hen.
VIII
c.8; 6 Hen.
VIII
c.12; 14 & 15 Hen.
VIII
c.3; 15 Hen.
VIII
c.11.

¹¹⁵
14 & 15 Hen.
VIII
c.3.

¹¹⁶
14 & 15 Hen.
VIII
c.9.

¹¹⁷
Bernard,
EHR
, xcvi, p.770, n.4.

¹¹⁸
LP
, iv, 2248.

¹¹⁹
Palliser,
Tudor York
, p.47.

¹²⁰
6 Hen.
VIII
c.l; 7 Hen.
VIII
c.7;
TRP
, nos.80-1.

¹²¹
N.B. Harte is my chief source of information.

¹²²
Quoted in N.B. Harte p.139.

¹²³
Libelle of Englyshe Polyce
, p.18.

¹²⁴
Essentially a paraphrase of Sir John Fortescue quoted in Tillyard, p.39, but examples can be found in every kind of writing and government pronouncement of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

¹²⁵
CW
8, pp.1378-9.

¹²⁶
Elyot, p.102.

¹²⁷
N.B. Harte, pp.139-40. Du Boulay, pp.61-79 is a useful introduction to class in late medieval England.

¹²⁸
BL Caligula D vi, fo.115 (
LP
, iv, 1223).

¹²⁹
Hall, p.583.

¹³⁰
Ibid, p.597.

¹³¹
Thomas More,
Latin Epigrams
, no. 70. I owe this reference to Walker.

¹³²
CWM
, 4, pp.153-4.

¹³³
Quoted in Tillyard, p.39.

¹³⁴
Ramsey, pp.146 ff. and P. Williams,
Tudor Regime
, 139 ff. for useful discussions of this extremely difficult subject.

¹³⁵
Heinze, pp.108-9.

¹³⁶
I am reminded of the resistance to the introduction of bridge at Winchester College in the 1960s – and in the original statutes all these games were banned.

¹³⁷
Hall, p.712.

¹³⁸
TRP
, no. 121; Heinze, pp.89-94.

¹³⁹
Heinze, p.98 for the accusation. My interpretation rests on my reading of the documents printed in
Select Cases in Star Chamber
, pp.123-42.

¹⁴⁰
It is Elton who has argued for the constitutional Cromwell in all his writings on him, but he has been followed by Heinze; see Heinze, pp.108-9.

¹⁴¹
Slack,
Impact of the Plague
, pp.199 ff; ‘
Mortality Crises
’, pp.9 ff; also useful is Palliser,
Age of Elizabeth
, pp.46-54.

¹⁴²
Hall, p.592; dinner was usually taken between 10 am and 12 noon and supper about 6 pm. For other good descriptions see Rawdon Brown, ii, pp.113, 126-7 (
LP
, ii, 3558, 3638).

¹⁴³
Byrne, p.73 (
LP
, iv, 4408).

¹⁴⁴
LP
, iv, 4510.

¹⁴⁵
Slack,
Impact of the Plague
, pp.44 ff.

¹⁴⁶
Webster.

¹⁴⁷
Ibid, p.208; Slack,
Impact of the Plague
, p.201.

¹⁴⁸
LP
, ii, 4124-5.

¹⁴⁹
Slack,
Impact of the Plague
, pp.41 ff. for current debates on the morality of fleeing from the plague.

¹⁵⁰
Kennedy, pp.203 ff for London and the plague. I have found Kennedy’s thesis on London an enormous help; and it ought to be much better known.

¹⁵¹
This account owes much to Holmes; but see also Giuseppi; Pettegree, pp.1 ff. For Giustinian’s excellent account and other contemporary material see Rawdon Brown, ii, pp.69 ff.