The King's Cardinal: The Rise and Fall of Thomas Wolsey (Pimlico) (128 page)
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Authors: Peter Gwyn
66
Hoskins,
Age of Plunder
, p.87 for the harvest figures.
67
Palliser,
Age of Elizabeth
, p, 171 for a table of relative movements of grain and wool prices. But for the argument that there was no financial advantage to be obtained from conversion see Blanchard.
68
Thirsk (ed.),
Agrarian History
, p.214.
69
Translated in
English Historical Documents
, pp.1014-16.
70
Nichols,
Grants from the Crown
, pp.1i-lii; also in
English Historical Documents
, p.1016.
71
4 Hen. VII c. 16; 4 Hen.
VII
c.19.
72
Thirsk (ed.),
Agraian History
, pp.217-38; Palliser,
Age of Elizabeth
, pp.178-85.
73
C. Dyer,
EcHR
, 2 ser., 35, p.25.
74
The index price of wheat shot up from 132 in 1481, a figure which was anyway high, to 177, the highest it had been for over thirty years, and a figure not passed until 1543; see Thirsk (ed.),
Agrarian History
, pp.815-19.
75
C. Dyer,
EcHR
, 2 ser., 35, p.24.
76
Tierney, p.22
77
For a still useful introduction to the vast literature on the relationship between humanism and politics see Elton,
Reform and Renewal
, pp.1-8.
78
Gras, pp.223-6; Thirsk (ed.),
Agrarian History
, pp.214-15.
79
Both the 1515 Acts mention it.
80
For this episode see PRO STAC 2/13/183-4 printed in
Tudor Economic Documents
, i, pp.29 ff. The dating of the episode can be ascertained from the documents, but not when the case appeared in Star Chamber, which for the present argument is unfortunate.
81
Gay,
Quarterly Journal of Economics
, xvii, p.581.
82
PRO E 159/298, Mich., 11 Hen.
VIII
, m.xiv; C 43/28/6, no.24; C 47/7/2/3, no.7; Scarisbrick, ‘Cardinal Wolsey’, p.48.
83
Scarisbrick, ‘Cardinal Wolsey’, p.61; Parker, ‘Enclosure’, pp.51 ff.
84
For this estimate see Scarisbrick, ‘Cardinal Wolsey’, p.56. It was, incidently, the plea that Thomas More made.
85
Ibid, pp.63-4.
86
Ibid, p.52.
87
Ibid, pp.53-4.
88
PRO C 43/28/6/4. What the court made of his defence does not emerge.
89
PRO E 368/297, m.xxiv; see also Scarisbrick, ‘Cardinal Wolsey’, p.61; Parker, pp.55-7.
90
It cannot have helped that there was considerable uncertainty whether 1 Hen.
VII
(1485-6) or 4 Hen.
VII
(1489-90) should be taken as the
terminus a quo
for illegal enclosure.
91
Scarisbrick, ‘Cardinal Wolsey’, p.60; also PRO STAC 2/6/176; STAC 2/22/352 for other cases in which convertible husbandry was used as a defence. For convertible husbandry itself see Kerridge,
Agricultural Revolution
. pp.188 ff; Dyer, Dugdale Society, 27, pp.28 ff.
92
See p.420 above.
93
Alcock,
Warwickshire History
, p.182.
94
Parker, ‘Enclosure’, pp.35-8, 188.
95
Ibid, pp.51 ff.
96
Ibid, p.187.
97
Scarisbrick, ‘Cardinal Wolsey’, p.52 for these figures.
98
Ibid, p.62.
99
In arguing that no permanent reversal occurred I rely heavily on Parker, ‘Enclosure’, the most detailed and convincing study of sixteenth-century enclosure yet to appear.
100
Parker,
Trans. of the Leicestershire Archaeological Society
, xxiv, p.42, n.2; ‘Enclosure’, pp.26 ff; also Ramsey, pp.26-7; Wordie, pp.41-76.
101
Palliser,
Age of Elizabeth
, pp.171, 178-85; Thirsk (ed.),
Agrarian History
, pp.227 ff.
102
Parker, ‘Enclosure’, p.187.
103
PRO C 43/28/3/3; Scarisbrick, ‘Cardinal Wolsey’, p.54.
104
PRO E 368/296, Mich. 14 Hen.
VIII
, m.ix; Scarisbrick, ‘Cardinal Wolsey’, p.56, n.24.
105
PRO E 368/298, Hil. 16 Hen.
VIII
.
106
PRO C 54/388/32.
107
PRO C 43/28/3/9.
108
PRO E 159/302, Mich. 15 Hen.
VIII
, m.xix.
109
Scarisbrick, ‘Cardinal Wolsey’, pp.63-4. For the money accruing see p.413 above.
110
Richard Fox, pp.112-14 (
LP
, ii, 4540) for all the quotations.
111
Dyer, Dugdale Society, 27, pp.19ff; Lamond, pp.49,122; Thirsk (ed.),
Agrarian History
, pp.207-8.
112
Thomas Smith, pp.74-5.
113
6 Hen.
VIII
c.5; 6 Hen.
VIII
c.11; 14 & 15 Hen.
VIII
c.7;
TRP
, nos.86, 108, 112, 118.
114
6 Hen.
VIII
c.8; 6 Hen.
VIII
c.12; 14 & 15 Hen.
VIII
c.3; 15 Hen.
VIII
c.11.
115
14 & 15 Hen.
VIII
c.3.
116
14 & 15 Hen.
VIII
c.9.
117
Bernard,
EHR
, xcvi, p.770, n.4.
118
LP
, iv, 2248.
119
Palliser,
Tudor York
, p.47.
120
6 Hen.
VIII
c.l; 7 Hen.
VIII
c.7;
TRP
, nos.80-1.
121
N.B. Harte is my chief source of information.
122
Quoted in N.B. Harte p.139.
123
Libelle of Englyshe Polyce
, p.18.
124
Essentially a paraphrase of Sir John Fortescue quoted in Tillyard, p.39, but examples can be found in every kind of writing and government pronouncement of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
125
CW
8, pp.1378-9.
126
Elyot, p.102.
127
N.B. Harte, pp.139-40. Du Boulay, pp.61-79 is a useful introduction to class in late medieval England.
128
BL Caligula D vi, fo.115 (
LP
, iv, 1223).
129
Hall, p.583.
130
Ibid, p.597.
131
Thomas More,
Latin Epigrams
, no. 70. I owe this reference to Walker.
132
CWM
, 4, pp.153-4.
133
Quoted in Tillyard, p.39.
134
Ramsey, pp.146 ff. and P. Williams,
Tudor Regime
, 139 ff. for useful discussions of this extremely difficult subject.
135
Heinze, pp.108-9.
136
I am reminded of the resistance to the introduction of bridge at Winchester College in the 1960s – and in the original statutes all these games were banned.
137
Hall, p.712.
138
TRP
, no. 121; Heinze, pp.89-94.
139
Heinze, p.98 for the accusation. My interpretation rests on my reading of the documents printed in
Select Cases in Star Chamber
, pp.123-42.
140
It is Elton who has argued for the constitutional Cromwell in all his writings on him, but he has been followed by Heinze; see Heinze, pp.108-9.
141
Slack,
Impact of the Plague
, pp.199 ff; ‘
Mortality Crises
’, pp.9 ff; also useful is Palliser,
Age of Elizabeth
, pp.46-54.
142
Hall, p.592; dinner was usually taken between 10 am and 12 noon and supper about 6 pm. For other good descriptions see Rawdon Brown, ii, pp.113, 126-7 (
LP
, ii, 3558, 3638).
143
Byrne, p.73 (
LP
, iv, 4408).
144
LP
, iv, 4510.
145
Slack,
Impact of the Plague
, pp.44 ff.
146
Webster.
147
Ibid, p.208; Slack,
Impact of the Plague
, p.201.
148
LP
, ii, 4124-5.
149
Slack,
Impact of the Plague
, pp.41 ff. for current debates on the morality of fleeing from the plague.
150
Kennedy, pp.203 ff for London and the plague. I have found Kennedy’s thesis on London an enormous help; and it ought to be much better known.
151
This account owes much to Holmes; but see also Giuseppi; Pettegree, pp.1 ff. For Giustinian’s excellent account and other contemporary material see Rawdon Brown, ii, pp.69 ff.