The King's Cardinal: The Rise and Fall of Thomas Wolsey (Pimlico) (129 page)

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¹⁵²14 & 15 Hen.
VIII
c. 2.

¹⁵³Kennedy, pp.168-81.

¹⁵⁴See pp.88 ff. above.

¹⁵⁵LP
, ii, 1832, quoted in Kennedy, pp.196-7.

¹⁵⁶Mercers’ Company
, pp.443-4.

¹⁵⁷Holmes, pp.643-4.

¹⁵⁸Kennedy, p.198.

¹⁵⁹Kennedy, p.200.

¹⁶⁰Rawdon Brown, ii, 74-5, an account written by the Venetian ambassador’s secretary, Nicolo Sagudino.

¹⁶¹That Wolsey did make efforts to arrange matters is suggested by the number of meetings between himself and the City authorities; see Kennedy, pp.200-1.

¹⁶²Kennedy, p.33; but more generally ibid, pp.29 ff.

¹⁶³Hall, pp.698-9.

¹⁶⁴This suggested in Kennedy, pp.212 ff.

¹⁶⁵Kennedy, pp.30-1. For Henry
VII
and the City see Cooper, pp.106-8, 110, 126.

¹⁶⁶PRO SP l/4/6/fo.160 (
LP
, iv, 3843).

¹⁶⁷Palliser,
Age of Elizabeth
, pp.217-18.

¹⁶⁸Palliser,
Tudor York
, p.48.

¹⁶⁹Pythian-Adams, p.63; Hoskins,
Age of Plunder
, p.13.

¹⁷⁰LP
, iv, 3843.

¹⁷¹Palliser,
Tudor York
, pp.201-2.

¹⁷²Ibid.

¹⁷³Bridbury, pp.13-14; Elton,
Reform and Renewal
, pp.107-8; Lander,
Government and Community
, p.19.

¹⁷⁴Bridbury, p.23 whose scepticism about urban decline I find convincing.

¹⁷⁵Admittedly her cloth and wool exports were not as buoyant as in the 1490s boom, but the flourishing trade in wine may have compensated for there was no significant fall in customs revenue; see Hoskins,
Age of Plunder
, p.181.

¹⁷⁶Hoskins,
Age of Plunder
, p.180.

¹⁷⁷Pythian-Adams, pp.51 ff. One of my many worries about his interpretation is that the national slump is difficult to find, and even his figures for high food prices are not all that convincing: 2
s
.
3d
. a bushel in 1520 but under 1
s
in 1522 and 1523 and only 1
s
. 5
d
. in 1524.

¹⁷⁸The account in Pythian-Adams, pp.253 ff. needs to be checked against M. Dormer Harris, pp.155 ff.

¹⁷⁹Dobson, pp.13-14; Kermode.

¹⁸⁰For useful recent introductions and bibliographies see Beier and Pound. Slack’s important
Poverty and Policy
appeared too late to be fully assimilated.

¹⁸¹Tierney, pp.128-9.

¹⁸²Elton,
EcHR
, 2 ser, vi;
Reform and Renewal
, pp.122 ff. Tierney, pp.125 ff. for fifteenth-century canonists.

¹⁸³TRP
, nos.80, 118.

¹⁸⁴Kennedy, pp.204-5; also Leonard, pp.25 ff.

¹⁸⁵Beier, pp.2-4, 19-23; Scarisbrick,
Reformation
, pp.51-4; Youings,
Seventeenth Century
, pp.254 ff.

¹⁸⁶Knowles, pp.264-7. My feeling is that there is a lot more to be discovered about medieval provision for the poor.

¹⁸⁷Palliser,
Age of Elizabeth
, pp.116-29; Pound, pp.68-75 on what is a controversial matter, much of the debate centring on Jordan’s findings, for which see Jordan.

¹⁸⁸Palliser,
Age of Elizabeth
, pp.126-9; Pound, pp.56-67 but can one really believe that Gloucester was the first English town to take action?

¹⁸⁹But see Palliser,
Age of Elizabeth
, pp.118-29 for a quietly revisionist view.

¹⁹⁰Challis, pp.70-1, a book which should be consulted for all that follows. See also Feaveryear, pp.46 ff; Gould.

¹⁹¹Challis, pp.68 ff. Did any of Thomas Cromwell’s reforms have a longer history?

¹⁹²Ibid, pp.70-1, 168.

¹⁹³LP
, iv, 2595.

¹⁹⁴LP
, iv, 2541 Knight to Wolsey, 1 Oct. 1526 re. the issuing of the November proclamation. For this and the August proclamation see
TRP
, nos. 111-12.

¹⁹⁵BL Galba B viii, fo.192 (
LP
, iv, 1400).

¹⁹⁶Mercers’ Company
, pp.544, 548.

¹⁹⁷Hoskins,
Age of Plunder
, pp.181-2.

¹⁹⁸For the figures see Carus-Wilson and Coleman; Hoskins,
Age of Plunder
, pp.177-91; for the cloth trade Bowden.

¹⁹⁹LP
, iii, 1533, 1544, 1558, 1577, 1594, 1611, 1630; see also Scarisbrick,
Henry
VIII
, pp.89-92.

²⁰⁰See p.542 below.

²⁰¹LP
, iv, 3449, 3451 (2);
TRP
, no.115; Hall, p.729.

²⁰²Hall, p.729.

²⁰³LP
, iv, 3959, 3966; Sp. Cal., iii (ii), p.603.

²⁰⁴LP
, iv, app.153, 158-60, 162-9, 175.

²⁰⁵LP
, iv, 3958, 4009, 4018, 4069, 4147, 4071, 4286; Hall, pp.744-5.

²⁰⁶St. P
, i, p.294 (LP, iv, 4404).

²⁰⁷As suggested in Herbert, p.196, probably following Hall, pp.747-9.

²⁰⁸LP
, iv, 3959;
Sp. Cal., iii
(ii), p.603.

²⁰⁹LP
, iv, 4080.

²¹⁰LP
, iv, 4376, 4389, 4404, 4409, 4426.

²¹¹Ven. Cal
., iv, 188; Hall, pp.721, 736; Stow, p.885.

²¹²Hoskins,
Age of Plunder
, p.87.

²¹³Harrison,
AHR
, xix, pp.148, 152; Hoskins, AHR, xii, pp.33-4; Thirsk (ed.),
Agrarian History
, pp.817, 835.

²¹⁴Hoskins,
Age of Plunder
, p.86 calls 1527-8 the famine years, but see Dymond, pp.31-4 for important qualifications. See
Ven. Cal
., iv, 208 for the fact that bean flour was used.

²¹⁵Ven. Cal
., iv, 188, 205, 210, 212, 235.

²¹⁶Hall, p.736.

²¹⁷Hoskins,
AHR
, xii, p.34, quoting from the mayor’s register.

²¹⁸Heinze, p.99.

²¹⁹TRP
, no. 118.

²²⁰LP
, iv, 3544 (Notts), 3587 (Northants), 3665 (Essex, Northants, Wilts), 3712 (Northants), 3819 (Notts), 3822 (N. Ridings). Dymond is invaluable but see also Heinze, pp.100-2.

²²¹Select Cases Star Chamber
, pp.178 ff.

²²²For these definitions see Heinze, p.100, n.36; but cf Gras, pp.130-1 and the terms do seem to have been rather interchangeable.

²²³Gras, pp.130 ff.

²²⁴Select Cases in Star Chamber
, pp.165-8. But for parts of Nottinghamshire reporting a surplus see Heinze, p.102, n.40.

²²⁵LP
, iv, 3883.

²²⁶Dymond, p.32.

²²⁷LP
, iv, 4188; for Norfolk’s worries about such questions see LP, iv, 4192.

²²⁸LP
, iv, 3231, 3234.

²²⁹LP
, iv, 3664, 4012-13, 4129, 4145. See also Bernard,
War, Taxation and Rebellion
, p.143-4; MacCullough, pp.298-9 though his redating of the Stowmarket trouble to 1526 must be wrong because of the specific references in the relevant documents to the 1527 commission and to Francis Pointz’s return from Spain.