The Last Empire (89 page)

    
Union of Sovereign States and,
251

    
Uzbekistan and,
173

Soviet republics

    
border disputes,
172
,
176–177

    
with center-republic relations,
202–209
,
211
,
213–239
,
241–243
,
245–251
,
270–271
,
281
,
308–309
,
349–350
,
397–398
,
400

    
food shortage in,
205
,
208
,
214
,
220–221
,
237
,
242
,
340
,
351

    
new union treaty and,
41
,
48
,
49
,
61–62
,
134
,
136–137
,
144
,
162
,
163
,
184–185
,
219
,
220–223
,
248–251
,
281

    
Russia and economic treaty with post-,
206
,
221–230

    
sovereignty and,
34–41
,
45
,
48–50
,
53–54
,
57
,
59–62
,
64–65
,
136–137
,
143–144
,
152–182
,
185
,
191–201
,
206–207
,
242–243
,
245
,
249–250
,
275–294
,
295–297
,
299
,
303–304
,
347
,
351
,
363–364
,
402

    
Union of Sovereign States and,
251

    
See also
specific republics

Soviet Union

    
Afghanistan and,
202–203
,
404
,
407

    
Cold War and,
192

    
Cuba and,
21
,
202–203
,
404

    
dissolution of,
309–310
,
314–315
,
320
,
323
,
362
,
366
,
389
,
394

    
IMF and membership of,
17
,
18

    
leadership, line of,
9

    
Marshall Plan for,
205–206
,
329–331
,
341

    
most-favored-nation trade status and,
21

    
population,
xvii

    
U.S. relations with,
78
,
199–206
,
208
,
232
,
234–235
,
237
,
238–239
,
337–338
,
379
,
404
,
407

    
wiretapping by,
84
,
88–89

Soviet Union, collapse of appeals for,
178
,
182

    
Belavezha Agreement and,
xx–xxi
,
297–310
,
312–316
,
319–343
,
348
,
359
,
397
,
400

    
with center-republic relations,
202–209
,
211
,
213–239
,
241–243
,
245–251
,
270–271
,
281
,
308–309
,
349–350
,
368
,
397–398
,
400

    
as conspiracy theory and CIA plot,
xvi
crucial period before,
xviii–xix
,
xx–xxi
,
64

    
electoral democracy and,
xviii
,
13–14
,
33
,
394

    
Gorbachev's prevention efforts and,
177
,
183–187
,
216
,
255–258
,
272–273
,
279–281
,
322
,
324

    
Gorbachev's resignation with,
xiii–xiv
,
xviii–xix
,
40
,
74
,
148
,
149–150
,
327–328
,
367–386

    
as last empire,
xvii–xviii
,
xx–xxii
,
34
,
40
,
178
,
182
,
185–186
,
393

    
Ukrainian referendum and,
275–294
,
303–304
,
399
,
402

    
with union-to-commonwealth transfer of power,
xiii–xiv
,
xviii–xix
,
40
,
74
,
148
,
149–150
,
327–328
,
344
,
365–387

    
U.S. and official stance on,
xiii–xiv
,
76–77
,
328–329
,
379
,
380–381
,
389–390

    
U.S. efforts to prevent,
xiv–xvi
,
xx
,
xxii
,
10
,
73
,
78–79
,
123–124
,
205–209
,
211
,
381
,
404

    
Yeltsin's prevention efforts and,
175–188
,
216
,
295

Space, post-Soviet

    
with distancing of Baltic states,
407

    
Gorbachev's treatment in,
372
,
377–378
,
379
,
382
,
384–387

    
ideas for,
298

    
1991 and influence on,
406

    
Russia's influence in,
xv
,
328
,
406

    
Ukraine's influence in,
328
,
407

    
U.S. support for Russia in,
xv

    
See also
Almaty summit
;
Belavezha Agreement
;
Center-republic relations
;
Referendum, in Ukraine

Spain,
231–233
,
235

Sputnik,
5

Stalin, Joseph,
3
,
5
,
12
,
56
,
80
,
82
,
192
,
202
,
328
,
338

    
Chechnia and,
243

    
Crimean Tatars and,
281

    
Hitler and,
400

    
secret documents of,
369

    
UN and,
393

Stankevich, Sergei

    
sovereignty, Kazakhstan and,
181

    
Ukrainian sovereignty and,
172
,
175–176
,
178–179
,
181

START (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty) I,
4
,
9
,
17
,
20–23

    
importance of,
47

    
Talbott on,
15

START (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty) II,
211

State funds, emptied,
259
,
270–271

State of the Union Address,
388–390
,
407

“Statement of the President of the USSR and the Supreme Leaders of the Republics” (“10 + 1”) (Nazarbayev),
184–185
,
186

Stepanchuk, John,
153
,
159–160
,
166

Stepkin, Petro,
169–170

Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty.
See
SALT I
;
SALT II

Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty.
See
START I
;
START II

Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI),
13

Strauss, Bob,
76
,
115
,
163
,
188
,
203
,
238

Suicides,
135
,
140
,
148
,
149
,
150

Summits

    
Bush-Gorbachev,
4
,
9–10
,
13–15
,
17–18
,
20–23

    
modern-day,
3–4

    
See also
Almaty summit

Suslov, Mikhail,
11

“Sverdlovsk mafia,”
215
,
228
,
349

Syria,
231
,
232
,
237

“System Change,” in Baltics,
50

Szmagala, Taras,
266

Szporluk, Roman,
40

Tajikstan,
163
,
322
,
361
,
382

Talbott, Strobe,
15
,
333–335
,
336

Taliban,
203

Tatars, Crimean,
177
,
281

Technology,
208

    
U.S. aid with,
194
,
341
,
347

Teeter, Robert,
379–380

Teheran Conference,
193

“10 + 1.”
See
“Statement of the President of the USSR and the Supreme Leaders of the Republics”

Ternopil oblast,
280
,
293

Ter-Petrosian, Levon,
186–187
,
361

    
See also
Armenia

Terrorism,
xvi
,
245

Testing

    
ban,
211

    
with Limited Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty,
6

    
missiles,
15–17

    
nuclear weapons,
15–16

Thatcher, Margaret,
233
,
386

Thornburgh, Dick,
260

Tiananmen Square massacre,
77

Tikhonov, Nikolai,
54

Time.
See
Vremia

Timur and His Team
(Gaidar, A.),
215

Titarenko, Raisa.
See
Gorbacheva, Raisa

Tolstoy, Leo,
41
,
103

Trade.
See
Most-favored-nation trade status

Transcarpathia,
282
,
283

Transnistria,
177
,
360
,
361
,
362

Treaties

    
Anti-Ballistic Missile,
51

    
borders,
176

    
Limited Nuclear Test-Ban,
6

    
Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of 1939,
xviii
,
34
,
193
,
301
,
369
,
400

    
new union,
41
,
48
,
49
,
61–62
,
134
,
136–137
,
144
,
162
,
163
,
184–185
,
219
,
220–223
,
248–251
,
255–258
,
264
,
272–273
,
281
,
295–296
,
303
,
304–305
,
397

    
between nuclear republics,
348

    
peace,
231–232
,
233

    
Russia, post-Soviet republics and economic,
206
,
221–230

    
SALT I,
6
,
51