The Nazi Hunters (54 page)

“With the Führer gone”:
Rudolf Hoess,
Commandant of Auschwitz: The Autobiography of
Rudolf Hoess
, 172.

Taking the name:
Ibid., 173; and Harding, 201–2.

When British forces:
Harding, 201–2. Harding’s book provides a detailed account of Höss’s initial escape and then capture, which I draw on here.

In March 1946, Lieutenant Hanns Alexander
and the sequence of events that led to Höss’s capture, including Alexander’s methods of breaking Hedwig and then Rudolf Höss after he was captured, the “undamaged” quote, bar celebration, and Höss walking naked in the snow: Ibid., 234–45.

Wrapped in a blanket:
Robert Gellately, ed.,
The Nuremberg Interviews: Conducted by Leon Goldensohn,
295.

“He sat with”:
Ibid.

“quiet, unprepossessing”:
Harris, 334.

“that at least”
and other quotes from Höss’s confession: Ibid., 336–37.

Höss later told Goldensohn:
Gellately, ed., 304–5.

In fact, those numbers:
Yisrael Gutman and Michael Berenbaum,
Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp
, 70–72. They cite a top figure of 1.5 million, which was the estimate at the time.

“That was the low”:
Gilbert, 266.

“The ‘final solution’ ”
and other quotes from Höss’s confession: Harris, 336–37.

“an extraordinary decision”:
Telford Taylor, 362.

“the greatest killer”
and
“devoid of”:
Harris, 335.

“quiet, apathetic”
and other quotes from Gilbert about Höss: Gilbert, 249–51, 258–60.

“I thought I was”:
Gellately, ed., 315.

Jan Sehn, who had helped:
Testimonial of Jan Markiewicz about Jan Sehn, Jan Sehn Archives.

Later in his career
and other information about Sehn’s behavior and habits, including his treatment of Höss: Author interviews with Zofia Chłobowska, Maria Kozłowska, and Maria Kała.

“testified willingly”
and
“he wrote”:
Dr. Jan Sehn, ed.,
Wspomnienia
Rudolfa Hoessa, Komendanta Obozu Oświęcimskiego,
14.

“I must admit”:
Hoess, 176.

“Such employment”
and remaining quotes in this paragraph: Ibid., 77.

“In the following pages”
and subsequent autobiographical details and quotes pertaining to his early years and up through his work in Dachau and Sachsenhausen: Ibid., 29–106.

In Auschwitz, he began
and rest of account of Höss’s affair with the prisoner Eleanor Hodys: Harding, 142–46.

“The ideal commandants”:
Dr. Jan Sehn, ed., introduction to the second Polish edition of Höss’s memoirs
,
32.

In his writings for Sehn
and other quotes and information from Höss’s account of his time at Auschwitz: Hoess,
Commandant of Auschwitz
, 107–68.

“All of his depictions”:
Sehn,
Obóz Koncentracyjny Oświęcim-Brzezinka,
32.

“It’s filled with evil”:
Hoess,
Commandant of Auschwitz
, 19.

Most members
and
Sonderkommando
testimonies: Gutman and Berenbaum, 64.

That became
and Sehn’s book: Sehn,
Obóz Koncentracyjny Oświęcim-Brzezinka,
10.

Among those who
and “a Soviet dupe”: Joe Belling, “Judge Jan Sehn,”
http://www.cwporter.com/jansehn.htm
.

“I wouldn’t assume”:
Piotr Cywiński interview with the author.

He was finally:
Franciszek Piper,
Ilu Ludzi Zgineło w KL Auschwitz.

“to minimize the crime”:
Gutman and Berenbaum, 67.

“anyone who”:
Franciszek Piper interview with author.

“the illegitimate child”
and other Sehn details: Maria Kozłowska and Zofia Chłobowska interviews with author; and Jan Markiewicz and Maria Kozłowska recollections in Jan Sehn Archives.

“
In our view”:
Copy of telegram courtesy of Eli Rosenbaum.

“Not our concern”:
Saul K. Padover papers, The New York Public Library Manuscript and Archives Division.

“What we are doing”:
Frederick Taylor, 273.

Peter Sichel was twelve
and rest of Sichel’s story and quotes: Peter Sichel interview with the author.

“All members”:
Perry Biddiscombe,
The Denazification of Germany: A History, 1945–1950,
37.

Eight and a half million Germans
and story of Munich paper mill manager: Frederick Taylor, 247–50.

“Democracy in Germany”:
Noel Annan,
Changing Enemies: The Defeat and Regeneration of Germany,
212.

The Americans were
and figures on questionnaires that were reviewed and the resulting dismissals: Frederick Taylor, 268.

“We couldn’t have”:
Jean Edward Smith
, Lucius D. Clay: An American Life,
302.

“to be done”:
Ibid., 271.

“major offenders”
and other categories: Sandra Schulberg,
Filmmakers for the Prosecution, The Making of Nuremberg: Its Lessons for Today,
iii.

Many former Nazis:
Biddiscombe, 183.

Persilschein:
Frederick Taylor, 285.

in 1946
and both poll numbers: Biddiscombe, 191.

In some cases:
Ibid., 199.

“But I don’t know”:
Smith, 240.

“They may not have”:
Lucius D. Clay
, Decision in Germany,
262.

In June 1946
and Volkswagen dismissals and reinstatements: Annan, 205.

The French
and teacher hirings and reinstatements: Frederick Taylor, 321.

during a mere two and a half months
and verdicts: Patricia Heberer and Jürgen Matthäus, eds.,
Atrocities on Trial: Historical Perspectives on the Politics of Prosecuting War Crimes,
175.

Already in 1946
: Henry Leide,
NS-Verbrecher und Staatssicherheit: Die geheime Vergangenheitspolitik der DDR,
45–46.

“joining the SED”:
Clay, 145.

“Along with the many innocent people”:
Leide, 414.

The Western Allies
and Berlin Airlift figures:
www.trumanlibrary.org
(
http://www.trumanlibrary.org/teacher/berlin.htm
).

“no fresh trials”:
Copy of telegram courtesy of Eli Rosenbaum.

The U.S. Army set up:
Greene, 321.

The Dachau trials
and Clay quotes: Clay, 253–54.

“a sordid, disreputable”:
Ibid., 254.

The stories
and lamp shades: Smith, 301.

“mockery”:
Greene, 323.

“I did not feel”
and rest of Denson’s testimony at Senate subcommittee: Ibid., 328–29.

“From what I know”:
Ibid., 336.

“Every act”:
Ibid., 340.

“which unanimously”:
Clay, 254.

“In view of”:
Norbert Frei,
Adenauer’s Germany and the Nazi Past: The Politics of Amnesty and Integration,
6–7.

But after Koch:
Whitlock, 258.

“a small town secretary”:
Peter Heidenberger interview with the author.

In 1963
and fate of Koch: Greene, 347; and Whitlock, 259–61.

“I cannot do”:
Whitlock, 260.

“utterly contemptible”:
Stuart and Simmons, 17.

“There is something”
: Greene, 351–52.

“majors and colonels”:
Benjamin Ferencz interview with the author.

“lesser Nazis”:
Smith, 297.

Despite growing pressure:
Hilary Earl,
The Nuremberg SS-Einsatzgruppen Trial, 1945–1958: Atrocity, Law, and History,
276.

But then John J. McCloy
and McCloy’s handling of Einsatzgruppen cases: Ibid., 277–86.

“the embodiment”:
Ibid., 286.

“To sign”:
Stuart and Simmons, 24.

“If I had”:
Earl, 286.

“to impress”
and rest of account about property claims and other early organizations and their funding: Stuart and Simons, 31–32; and
www.benferencz.org
(“Benny Stories”).

“It never happened”:
Benjamin Ferencz interview with the author.

On August 25, 2011:
www.benferencz.org
(“Benny Stories”).

“Forget it”:
Benjamin Ferencz interview with the author.

To make sure
and story of the Nuremberg documentary, from which most of my account is drawn: Sandra Schulberg
, Filmmakers for the Prosecution.
That booklet is included in Schulberg’s restored Blu-ray version of the documentary.
See
www.nurembergfilm.org
.

“The Cold War”:
Sandra Schulberg interview with the author.

“They still had”:
Sandra Schulberg, 6.

“Claim Internal”:
Ibid., 37.

“unexpectedly good”
and other Stuart Schulberg quotes here: Ibid., 42–45.

“if he cut out”
and other quotes from Jackson-Royall correspondence: Photo scans courtesy of Professor John Q. Barrett. Copies from Robert H. Jackson Papers, Library of Congress, Box 115, Folder 3.

“too gruesome”:
Sandra Schulberg, 46–47.

“Could there be”:
Ibid., 47.

“that there are those”:
Ibid., 50.

William Shirer
and “scandal”: Ibid., 49.

In 2004
and Sandra Schulberg’s film restoration story: Sandra Schulberg interview and correspondence with the author.

“Nothing belongs”:
From clip in documentary
Death by Installments
.

That organization’s top officer
and quotes from his note: Hella Pick,
Simon Wiesenthal: A Life in Search of Justice,
98.

He also began working
and other details of his early Linz activities: Segev, 68–70.

Never afraid of controversy
and
“this made me”:
Pick, 102.

At the newly created
and
“I didn’t believe”:
Wechsberg
,
ed., 51.

“You’ll see”:
Wiesenthal, 40.

“The Americans”:
Ibid., 56.

“best secret weapon”:
Wechsberg, ed., 58.

In 1946:
Segev, 79, 423.

By the following year:
Pick, 95.

Wiesenthal had convinced:
Segev, 78–80.

“Austrians accounted for”:
Wiesenthal, 273.

Wiesenthal’s activities and calls
and pistol permit: Segev, 85, 82.

threatening letters:
Pick, 103.

But he always:
Ibid., 105. For a detailed account of Brichah’s smuggling efforts, see Yehuda Bauer,
Flight and Rescue: Brichah.

Wiesenthal demanded:
Andrew Nagorski, “Wiesenthal: A Summing Up,”
Newsweek International
, April 27, 1998.

“It seems to me”:
Wiesenthal, 55.

“didn’t seem to care”
and
“than about”:
Wechsberg, ed., 65.

“In 1949, my parents”:
Paulinka (Wiesenthal) Kreisberg, interview with the author.

In 1947
, account of Wiesenthal’s writings about Haj Amin el-Husseini, and
“there is no reliable evidence”:
Segev, 86–88; and
www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
.

In 1936
:
www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/muftihit.html
.

On his first visit, “as a recruit,”
and
“a partner,”
along with rest of account of Wiesenthal’s involvement and interactions with Israeli intelligence: Segev, 90–95.

He and his colleagues
and
“Our office”:
Friedman, 180.

On one occasion
and details and quotes from Mattner case: Ibid., 180–82.

During the immediate
and numbers of cases and convictions: Heberer and Matthäus, eds., 235.

“The situation grew”:
Friedman, 191.

“This is Austria”:
Ibid., 193.

From 1956:
Heberer and Matthäus, eds., 235.

Like Wiesenthal
and
“Put your whole heart”
and Haganah contacts and activities: Friedman, 188–90.

In 1949
and
“An odd feeling”:
Ibid., 199.