The Norman Conquest (59 page)
Read The Norman Conquest Online
Authors: Marc Morris
Abbreviations
(Unless otherwise indicated, the place of publication is London)
| ANS | Anglo-Norman Studies |
| ASC | Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (cited by year) |
| Barlow, Confessor | F. Barlow, Edward the Confessor (new edn, 1997). |
| Bates, Conqueror | D. Bates, William the Conqueror (1989). |
| Carmen | The Carmen de Hastingae Proelio of Guy, Bishop of Amiens, ed. F. Barlow (Oxford, 1999). |
| Councils and Synods | Councils and Synods with Other Documents Relating to the English Church, I, 871–1204 , ed. D. Whitelock, M. Brett and C. N. L. Brooke (2 vols., Oxford, 1981). |
| Douglas, Conqueror | D. C. Douglas, William the Conqueror: The Norman Impact Upon England (1964). |
| DNB | www.oxforddnb.com (cited by name). For the printed text, see The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, ed. H. C. G. Matthew and B. Harrison (60 vols., Oxford, 2004). |
| Eadmer | Eadmer’s History of Recent Events in England, ed. G. Bosanquet (1964). |
| EER | Encomium Emmae Reginae, ed. A. Campbell and S. Keynes (Cambridge, 1998). |
| EHD | English Historical Documents |
| EHR | English Historical Review |
| Fernie, Architecture | E. Fernie, The Architecture of Norman England (Oxford, 2000). |
| Freeman, Norman Conquest | E. A. Freeman, The History of the Norman Conquest of England (6 vols., Oxford, 1867–79). |
| Gaimar, Estoire | Geffrei Gaimar, Estoire des Engleis, ed. and trans. I. Short (Oxford, 2009). |
| Garnett, Short Introduction | G. Garnett, The Norman Conquest: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford, 2009). |
| GND | The Gesta Normannorum Ducum of William of Jumièges, Orderic Vitalis and Robert of Torigni, ed. E. M. C. van Houts (2 vols., Oxford, 1992–5). |
| HH | Henry of Huntingdon, The History of the English People 1000―1154, ed. and trans. D. Greenway (Oxford, 2002). |
| JW | The Chronicle of John of Worcester, ed. R. R. Darlington and P. McGurk, trans. J. Bray and P. McGurk (3 vols., Oxford, 1995, 1998, forthcoming). |
| Letters of Lanfranc | The Letters of Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury, ed. and trans. V. H. Clover and M. T. Gibson (Oxford, 1979). |
| OV | The Ecclesiastical History of Orderic Vitalis, ed. M. Chibnall (6 vols., Oxford, 1968–80). |
| RRAN | Regesta Regum Anglo-Normannorum: The Ada of William I (1066–1087), ed D. Bates (Oxford, 1998). |
| SD, History | Simeon of Durham, History of the Kings of England, trans. J. Stevenson (facsimile reprint, Lampeter, 1987). |
| SD, Libellus | Simeon of Durham, Libellus de Exordio atque Procursu istius, hoc est Dunhelmensis, ed. D. Rollason (Oxford, 2000). |
| Snorri | Snorri Sturluson, King Harald’s Saga, ed. M. Magnusson and H. Pálsson (1966). |
| Sources and Documents | The Norman Conquest of England: Sources and Documents, ed. R. A. Brown (Woodbridge, 1984). |
| TRHS | Transactions of the Royal Historical Society |
| VER | The Life of King Edward who Rests at Westminster, ed. F. Barlow (2nd ed n, Oxford, 1992). |
| Wace | The History of the Norman People: Wace’s Roman de Rou, trans. G. S. Burgess (Woodbridge, 2004). |
| WM, Gesta Pontificum | William of Malmesbury, Gesta Pontificum Anglorum, I, ed. and trans. M. Winter-bottom (Oxford, 2007). |
| WM, Gesta Regum | William of Malmesbury, Gesta Regum Anglorum, I, ed. and trans. R. A. B. Mynors, R. M. Thomson and M. Winterbottom (Oxford, 1998). |
| WM, Saints’ Lives | William of Malmesbury, Saints’ Lives, ed. M. Winterbottom and R. M. Thomson (Oxford, 2002). |
| WP | The Gesta Guillelmi of William of Poitiers, ed. R. H. C. Davis and M. Chibnall (Oxford, 1998). |
Notes
INTRODUCTION
1
Nor as many books and articles, of which there are thousands. For older publications, see S. A. Brown, The Bayeux Tapestry: History and Bibliography (Woodbridge, 1988). For more recent research, see
The Bayeux Tapestry: Embroidering the Facts of History,
ed. P. Bouet, B. Levy and F. Neveux (Caen, 2004);
King Harold II and the Bayeux Tapestry
, ed. G. R. Owen-Crocker (Woodbridge, 2005);
The Bayeux Tapestry: New Interpretations
, ed. M. K. Foys, K. E. Overbey and D. Terkla (Woodbridge, 2009);
The Bayeux Tapestry: New Approaches
, ed. M. J. Lewis, G. R. Owen-Crocker and D. Terkla (Oxford, 2011).
2
D. J. Bernstein,
The Mystery of the Bayeux Tapestry
(London, 1986), 71–2.
3
The contributors to the 1999 conference at Caen were unanimous in declaring for Odo:
Bayeux Tapestry
, ed. Bouet et al., 406. For the Canterbury connection, see C. Hart, ‘The Bayeux Tapestry and Schools of Illumination at Canterbury’,
ANS
, 22 (2000), 117–67 and idem, ‘The Cicero-Aratea and the Bayeux Tapestry’,
King Harold II
, ed. Owen-Crocker, 161–78. If the Tapestry was commissioned by Odo, it was presumably commissioned before his imprisonment in 1082, though later dates have been proposed.
4
C. Hicks,
The Bayeux Tapestry: The Life Story of a Masterpiece
(London, 2006).
5
M. J. Lewis,
The Real World of the Bayeux Tapestry
(Stroud, 2008); L. Ashe,
Fiction and History in England
(Cambridge, 2007), 35–45.
6
M. Morris,
A Great and Terrible King: Edward I and the Forging of Britain
(2008);
Itinerary of Edward I
, ed. E. W Safford (3 vols., List and Index Society, 103, 132, 135, 1974–7);
RRAN
, 76–8.
7
There are several different modern translations of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. I have used
The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
, ed. G. N. Garmonsway (new edn, London, 1972), and also the translation by Whitelock in
EHD
, ii, 107–203. Both are cited by year rather than page number.
8
M. Chibnall,
The Debate on the Norman Conquest
(Manchester, 1999), 59.
9
WP, 26–7;
The Life and Letters of Edward A. Freeman
, ed. W. R. W. Stephens (2 vols., London, 1895), ii, 216. For Freeman’s character, see his entry in the
DNB
.
10
D. Bates, ‘1066: Does the Date Still Matter?’,
Historical Research,
78 (2005), 446–7.
11
P. Stafford, ‘Women and the Norman Conquest’,
TRHS
, 6th ser., 4 (1994), 221–49.
12
Bates, ‘1066: Does the Date Still Matter?’, 447–51; R. Barber, ‘The Norman Conquest and the Media’,
ANS
, 26 (2004), 1–20; J. Gillingham, ‘“Slaves of the Normans?”: Gerald de Barri and Regnal Solidarity in Early Thirteenth-Century England’,
Law, Laity and Solidarities: Essays in Honour of Susan Reynolds
, ed. P. Stafford, J. L. Nelson and J. Martindale (Manchester, 2001), 160―70. More generally, see Chibnall,
Debate, passim
.
13
E. g. R. A. Brown,
The Normans and the Norman Conquest
(2nd edn, Woodbridge, 1985), 5.
14
‘Change of a magnitude and at a speed unparalleled in English history’: Garnett,
Short Introduction
, 5. For a general discussion, see Bates, ‘1066: Does the Date Still Matter?’,
passim
.
15
See in particular the work of John Gillingham, much of which is reprinted in his
The English in the Twelfth Century
(Woodbridge, 2000).
16
See in particular R. R. Davies,
The First English Empire: Power and Identities in the British Isles, 1093–1343
(Oxford, 2000).
CHAPTER 1
1
E. Bozoky, ‘The Sanctity and Canonisation of Edward the Confessor’,
Edward the Confessor: The Man and the Legend
, ed. R. Mortimer (Woodbridge, 2009), 173–86.
2
The Anglo-Saxons,
ed. J. Campbell (1982), remains a fine introduction.
3
In general, see M. Arnold,
The Vikings: Culture and Conquest
(2006).
4
S. Foot, ‘The Making of
Angelcynn:
English Identity before the Norman Conquest’,
TRHS
, 6th ser., 6 (1996), 25–49; P. Wormald,
‘Engla lond:
The Making of an Allegiance’,
Journal of Historical Sociology
, 7 (1994), 1–24.
5
See
The Battle of Maldon AD 991
, ed. D. Scragg (Oxford, 1991).
6
All the information about Æthelred in this chapter can be found in his
DNB
entry. For more extensive treatments, see R. Lavelle,
Aethelred II: King of the English, 978–1016
(Stroud, 2008) and A.Williams,
Æthelred the Unready: The Ill-Counselled King
(2003).
7
On the early history of Normandy, see D. Bates,
Normandy before 1066
(Harlow, 1982).
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