The People's Tycoon: Henry Ford and the American Century (Vintage) (114 page)

47.
Dahlinger,
Secret Life,
pp. 16, 91.

48.
Ibid., pp. 18, 16, 22.

49.
Ibid., pp. 22–24.

50.
Ibid., pp. 24, 89–91, quoted in text; Al Esper, “Reminiscences,” p. 25; “Boss of 7,000-Acre Farm Got Start as Floorwalker,” quoted in text.

51.
“Boss of 7,000-Acre Farm Got Start as Floorwalker”; Ray Newman, “Reminiscences,” p. 9; F. W. Loskowske, “Reminiscences,” pp. 44, 121–22; Bacon, “Reminiscences,” p. 72; Harold Hicks, “Reminiscences,” pp. 137, 175–76; Edward J. Cutler, “Reminiscences,” pp. 164–66, 171; Roy Schumann, “Reminiscences,” pp. 142–44; Esper, “Reminiscences,” p. 74.

52.
Hicks, “Reminiscences,” pp. 137, 175–76; Esper, “Reminiscences,” pp. 25, 71; Eugene Farkas, “Reminiscences,” p. 296.

53.
Cutler, “Reminiscences,” pp. 142, 165–66; Esper, “Reminiscences,” p. 80; Emil Zoerlein, “Reminiscences,” p. 235; Schumann, “Reminiscences,” pp. 140–42; Loskowske, “Reminiscences,” pp. 121–22.

54.
Hicks, “Reminiscences,” p. 45; Schumann, “Reminiscences,” p. 144; Bacon, “Reminiscences,” pp. 66, 152–53; Farkas, “Reminiscences,” p. 350.

55.
Dahlinger,
Secret Life,
pp. 4, 17.

56.
Ibid., pp. 35, 5. Irving Bacon observed John Dahlinger's plethora of expensive toys when he visited the Dahlinger estate to do some painting (“Reminiscences,” p. 65).

57.
Dahlinger,
Secret Life,
pp. 11, 43, 56.

58.
Ibid., pp. 41, 35–36, 50.

59.
Ibid., pp. 34, 35, 43–44.

60.
Bacon, “Reminiscences,” pp. 65, 120–122; Dahlinger,
Secret Life,
p. 198.

61.
Hicks, “Reminiscences,” p. 122. See also Dahlinger,
Secret Life,
p. 32.

62.
Dahlinger,
Secret Life,
pp. 29–30, 154; Harry Bennett,
We Never Called Him Henry
(New York, 1951), pp. 102–3; Hicks, “Reminiscences,” p. 179.

63.
Elizabeth Breur, “Henry Ford and the Believer,”
Ladies' Home Journal,
Sept. 1923, p. 8.

64.
Bacon, “Reminiscences,” pp. 142–43; Bennett,
We Never Called Him Henry,
p. 105.

65.
Rosa Buhler and J. D. Thompson, “Reminiscences,” pp. 68–69; Ford R. Bryan,
Clara: Mrs. Henry Ford
(Dearborn, 2001), pp. 100–102.

66.
Fred L. Black, “Reminiscences,” p. 30.

67.
Dahlinger,
Secret Life,
pp. 72, 77, 161; Constance Clark, “Reminiscences,” p. 19.

68.
Dahlinger,
Secret Life,
pp. 213–14, tells the story of Eve's being summoned to Ford's deathbed. Henry Ford II confirmed it in an interview with Robert Lacey on April 17, 1986, which is quoted in Lacey,
Ford: Men and Machine,
pp. 468–69, p. 733.

1.
Will Rogers,
Wit and Philosophy from Radio Talks of Will Rogers
(New York, 1930), p. 33; Donald Day,
Autobiography of Will Rogers
(New York, 1962), p. 206; San Francisco
Chronicle,
Feb. 15, 1930.

2.
Will Rogers, “The Grand Champion,”
American Magazine,
Dec. 1929, pp. 34–37.

3.
Charles Merz, “The Canonization of Henry Ford,”
Independent,
Nov. 27, 1926, pp. 617–18, 628.

4.
See Alfred D. Chandler, Jr.,
Giant Enterprise: Ford, General Motors, and the Automobile Industry
(New York, 1964), pp. 111–13, 145–47; David Farber,
Sloan Rules: Alfred P. Sloan and the Triumph of General Motors
(Chicago, 2002), pp. 48–50; Allan Nevins and Frank Ernest Hill,
Ford: Expansion and Challenge, 1915–1933
(New York, 1957), pp. 470–75.

5.
Nevins and Hill,
Ford: Expansion and Challenge,
pp. 405, 415, 685.

6.
International sales figures can be found in ibid., pp. 685–86. On Germany, see Mary Nolan,
Visions of Modernity: American Business and the Modernization of Germany
(New York, 1994), esp. chap. 3, “The Infatuation with Fordism,” pp. 30–57. On the broader European scene, see Charles S. Maier, “Between Taylorism and Technocracy: European Ideologies and the Vision of Industrial Productivity in the 1920s,”
Journal of Contemporary History
5 (1970): 27–51.

7.
Nevins and Hill,
Ford: Expansion and Challenge,
pp. 673–83.

8.
Ibid.; Maurice Hinds, “Henry Ford Conquers Russia,”
Outlook,
June 29, 1927, pp. 280–83.

9.
Merz, “Canonization of Ford,” p. 618. Two examples of the massive publicity attending Ford can be found in Jerome Davis, “Henry Ford, Educator,”
Atlantic Monthly,
June 1927, pp. 803–10; and “Ford's Plan to Double Jack's Pay,”
Literary Digest,
July 18, 1925, p. 14.

10.
Sales figures appear in Nevins and Hill,
Ford: Expansion and Challenge,
pp. 415, 685.

11.
Theodore F. McManus and Norman Beasley,
Men, Money, and Motors
(New York, 1929), p. 228; B. C. Forbes, “How Ford Dealers Are Treated,”
Forbes,
May 15, 1927, p. 19.

12.
The fullest treatment of Ford's Muscle Shoals project appears in Reynold M. Wik,
Henry Ford and Grass-Roots America
(Ann Arbor, 1973), pp. 106–25; the quote comes from “Ford Fights Banks on Muscle Shoals,” New York
Times,
March 18, 1922.

13.
Wik,
Ford and Grass-Roots America,
pp. 116–23; “Ford's Muscle Shoals Case Under Fire,” New York
Times,
April 20, 1924.

14.
Reinhold Niebuhr, “How Philanthropic Is Henry Ford?,”
Christian Century,
Dec. 9, 1926, pp. 1516–17.

15.
Rexford Guy Tugwell, “Henry Ford in This World,”
Saturday Review of Literature,
Aug. 7, 1926, pp. 17–19.

16.
Waldemar Kaempffert, “The Mussolini of Highland Park,” New York
Times Magazine,
Jan. 8, 1928, pp. 1–2, 22.

17.
Robert Littell, “Henry Ford,”
New Republic,
Nov. 14, 1923, p. 304.

18.
Edmund Wilson, “The Despot of Dearborn,”
Scribner's,
July 1931, pp. 24–35.

19.
B. C. Forbes, “The New Henry Ford: The Democrat Turned Autocrat,”
Forbes,
May 15, 1927, pp. 16–20.

20.
Allan L. Benson,
The New Henry Ford
(New York, 1923), p. 42; HF,
Today and Tomorrow
(Garden City, N.Y., 1988 [1926]), pp. 224, 253; Charles E. Sorensen,
My Forty Years with Ford
(New York, 1956), p. 35.

21.
HF, “Machinery, the New Messiah,”
Forum,
March 1928, p. 363; HF, “My Philosophy of Industry,”
Forum,
April 1928, pp. 488–89.

22.
HF, quoted in James C. Young, “Ford to Fight It Out with His Old Car,” New York
Times,
Dec. 26, 1926.

23.
Allen L. Benson, “Ford, After His Hardest Year,”
Cosmopolitan,
Dec. 1927, p. 172.

24.
Judson C. Welliver, “Henry Ford, Dreamer and Worker,”
American Review of Reviews,
Nov. 1921, p. 494; Mary Lee, “Henry Ford Tells Us We Should Work,” New York
Times,
May 16, 1926; G. A. Nichols, “What Will Take the Place of Advertising in Ford's Marketing Scheme?,”
Printer's Ink,
June 17, 1926, p. 17.

25.
David L. Lewis,
The Public Image of Henry Ford: An American Folk Hero and His Company
(Detroit, 1976), p. 127.

26.
“$7,000,000 for Ford Ads,” New York
Times,
Aug. 17, 1923;
Automotive Industries,
Aug. 16,
1923; Franklin Russell, “So Ford Is Advertising,”
Printers' Ink,
July 17, 1924, pp. 41–44; Lewis,
Public Image,
pp. 189–91. The new advertising policy was announced within the company in “General Letters 1421 and 1425,” in acc. 572, box 10, FA.

27.
“Ford's $7,000,000 Fund for Advertising,”
Pipp's Weekly,
Aug. 25, 1923, pp. 6–7.

28.
The Ford Motor Company advertisements discussed above, and many others, can be found in acc. 19, box 3, FA.

29.
G. A. Nichols, “What Will Take the Place of Advertising in Ford's Marketing Scheme?,”
Printer's Ink,
June 17, 1926, pp. 17–20; Lewis,
Public Image,
pp. 189–91.

30.
Ernest Liebold to Midwest Reserve Trust Co., Aug 21, 1921, in acc. 285, box 36, FA;
The Ford Plan,
company brochure (1924), in acc. 951, box 18, FA; Henry L. Dominguez,
The Ford Agency: A Pictorial History
(Osceola, Wisc., 1981), p. 32.

31.
HF, “When Is a Business Worth While?,”
Magazine of Business,
Aug. 1928, pp. 133–36.

1.
Charles E. Sorensen,
My Forty Years with Ford
(New York, 1956), p. 301.

2.
“Clara Ford” folder, in acc. 1, box 18, FA; Faye Beebe, “Reminiscences,” p. 3; 1901 Christmas letter, in Vertical File—“Ford, Edsel,” FA.

3.
Beebe, “Reminiscences,” p. 5; Mrs. Stanley Ruddiman, “Reminiscences,” pp. 89, 92, 94; Charles Voorhess, “Reminiscences,” p. 46.

4.
Samuel Crowther, “An Interview with Edsel B. Ford,”
Youth's Companion,
1929, p. 10, draft, in acc. 572, box 3, FA; HF to Edsel Ford in acc. 1, box 1, FA; Beebe, “Reminiscences,” p. 5; John Wandersee, “Reminiscences,” pp. 52–53; Charles J. Smith, “Reminiscences,” pp. 23–24; Ruddiman, “Reminiscences,” p. 97.

5.
Beebe, “Reminiscences,” p. 11; Edsel's drawings, in acc. 1, box 27, FA; Henry Dominguez,
Edsel Ford and E. T. Gregorie
(Warrendale, Pa., 1999), pp. 28–30; Irving Bacon, “Reminiscences,” pp. 7, 108; Ruddiman, “Reminiscences,” p. 94.

6.
Ford R. Bryan and Henry Dominguez, “Remembering Edsel Ford on the Centennial of His Birth,”
Dearborn Historian,
Autumn 1993, pp. 101–4; Crowther, “Interview with Edsel Ford,” p. 12 quoted in text.

7.
“The Boy Finds New Use for His Runabout,”
Motor World,
Jan. 24, 1907, p. 274; Crowther, “Interview with Edsel Ford,” pp. 10–11; Dominguez,
Ford and Gregorie,
pp. 31–35.

8.
Edsel Ford's testimony, in “Henry Ford vs. The Tribune Company et al., Circuit Court for the County of Macomb, State of Michigan, Transcript of Court Record, May 13–Aug. 14, 1919,” pp. 5397–98, in FA (hereafter cited as Tribune Suit Record); George Brown, “Reminiscences,” p. 99.

9.
Brown, “Reminiscences,” pp. 99–100; W. C. Klann, “Reminiscences,” pp. 23–24.

10.
For accurate, concise summaries of Edsel Ford's life, see Ford R. Bryan, “Edsel Bryant Ford,” in
Henry's Lieutenants
(Detroit, 1993), pp. 113–21; Richard Bak, “The Edsel Enigma,”
Hour,
Dec. 1997–Jan. 1998, pp. 57–75; Dominguez,
Ford and Gregorie,
pp. 21–54.

11.
Detroit
Free Press,
Nov. 2, 1916; Bak, “Edsel Enigma,” p. 60; Clara Ford to Mrs. Meade, Oct. 24, 1919, in acc. 940, box 7, FA.

12.
Bryan, “Edsel Ford”; Bak, “Edsel Enigma”; Bryan and Dominguez, “Remembering Edsel Ford.”

13.
Edsel Ford to R. J. Pearce, Oct. 20, 1917, in Vertical File—“Ford, Edsel,” FA; Edsel Ford, quoted in Bak, “Edsel Enigma,” p. 60.

14.
Bryan and Dominguez, “Remembering Edsel Ford,” pp. 101–2; Edsel Ford's testimony, July 10, 11, 14, 1919, Tribune Suit Record, pp. 5360–5600.

15.
Fred L. Black, “Reminiscences,” p. 53; Smith, “Reminiscences,” p. 27; Eugene Farkas, “Reminiscences,” p. 353.

16.
These two stories of Henry humiliating Edsel are recounted in Dominguez,
Ford and Gregorie,
pp. 26–27.

17.
Voorhess, “Reminiscences,” p. 14; Joseph Galamb, “Reminiscences,” p. 131; Dahlinger, quoted in Harold Hicks, “Reminiscences,” p. 174; Black, “Reminiscences,” p. 53.

18.
Howard Simpson, “Reminiscences,” p. 115; Sorensen,
My Forty Years with Ford,
pp. 304–5, 302.

19.
Simpson, “Reminiscences,” pp. 121–22.

20.
Hicks, “Reminiscences,” pp. 173–74; William J. Cameron, “Reminiscences,” pp. 98–100; Farkas, “Reminiscences,” p. 353, describing Campsall.

21.
Sorensen,
My Forty Years with Ford,
pp. 304–305; Hicks, “Reminiscences,” p. 173; Cameron, “Reminiscences,” pp. 98–100.

22.
Cameron, “Reminiscences,” pp. 98–100; Sorensen,
My Forty Years with Ford,
p. 301; Ruddiman, “Reminiscences,” p. 97.

23.
Crowther, “Interview with Edsel Ford,” pp. 3–4.

24.
Hicks, “Reminiscences,” p. 174; Simpson, “Reminiscences,” p. 115; Klann, “Reminiscences,” pp. 119–20.

25.
Black, “Reminiscences,” p. 58; Voorhess, “Reminiscences,” pp. 86–87.

26.
Galamb, “Reminiscences,” pp. 140–41; Sorensen,
My Forty Years with Ford,
p. 302; Simpson, “Reminiscences,” pp. 31–32.

27.
Sorensen,
My Forty Years with Ford,
p. 302; Voorhess, “Reminiscences,” p. 14; Hicks, “Reminiscences,” p. 48; Galamb, “Reminiscences,” pp. 131, 140–41.

28.
Black, “Reminiscences,” p. 54; William F. Verner, “Reminiscences,” p. 44; Voorhess, “Reminiscences,” p. 47.

29.
Kanzler memo, Jan. 26, 1926, in acc. 1, box 116, FA.

30.
Allan Nevins and Frank Ernest Hill,
Ford: Expansion and Challenge, 1915–1933
(New York, 1957), pp. 61–62, 271; Sorensen,
My Forty Years with Ford,
pp. 307–8.

31.
Sorensen,
My Forty Years with Ford,
pp. 307, 310; W. G. Nelson, “Reminiscences,” pp. 103–4.

32.
Lawrence Sheldrick, “Reminiscences,” pp. 47–48, quoted in text; Hicks, “Reminiscences,” p. 175; Farkas, “Reminiscences,” pp. 218–19; Galamb, “Reminiscences,” p. 133; Nevins and Hill,
Ford: Expansion and Challenge,
p. 411; Sorensen,
My Forty Years with Ford,
p. 310.