The Pirate Queen (72 page)

Clarke, Captain

Clements, Joseph

Clinton, Lord Admiral.
See
Lincoln, Edward Fiennes de Clinton, Earl of

Clough, Richard,

Cobham, William Brooketh

Baron

Coke, William

Coligny, Gaspard de, St. Bartholomew’s Day massacre and death of

Condé, Louis de, Prince

Cooke, Anthony

Cordell, Thomas

Cornelius, William

Corniel, John

Cosmographical Glasse
(Cunningham)

Cosmographie universelle
(Thévet),

Coventry, Sir Thomas 1st Baron

Cromwell, Edward 3rd Baron,

Crosse, Robert

Cumberland, George Clifford 3rd Earl of, East India Company, engagement with Spanish fleet, fleet against Cadiz, Islands Voyage to the Azores, scheme to capture Isthmus of Panama, ships owned by

currency, Henry VIII’s debasement of English coins, minting of new money and profit, scarcity of money, stabilization of,

Dacre, Leonard, Lord

Dare, Virginia

Darnley, Henry Stuart, Earl of

Davis, John

Dee, John, as advisor to explorers and adventurers, advocate of empire, advocate of exploration, backing of Frobisher,
Britannicae Republicae Synopsis
, coining of term British Empire, desire for a pax Brittanicus, Elizabeth’s trust in, Fernandez’s voyage to North America and, as friend of Abraham Ortelius, as friend of Gerard Mercator, on Frobisher’s “gold ore,” Gilbert consults with, influence on Frobisher, instruction in navigation for Frobisher and Hall, library of, “A Petty Navy Royal,” purchases Gilbert’s Norumbega lands, as Queen’s astrologer, spying and cryptology by, support of Drake, trade with India and,

Delgadillo, Anthony

Desmond, Gerald Fitzgeraldth Earl of

Dethick, William

Diet of Lübeck

Discourse of Western Planting
(Hakluyt)

Discoverie of the Large Rich, and Beautiful Empire of Guiana
(Raleigh)

Dissolution of the Monasteries

Docwra, Sir Henry

Doughty, John

Doughty, Thomas, on Drake’s voyage, execution of

Drake, Edmund,

Drake, Sir Francis: amount received from plunder, appearance, attacks on Nombre de Dios, backers of, background, battle with the Spanish Armada, capture of Spanish treasure ship,
Madre de Dios
and, Cimaroons and, circumnaviagtion, loss of the
Marigold
, circumnavigation, booty and plunder, circumnavigation, cover story of “Alexandria,” circumnavigation, plunder as purpose, circumnavigation, reception on return, circumnavigation, sets sail, circumnavigation, ships in fleet, circumnavigation, unauthorized return of the
Elizabeth
, circumnavigation, voyage, circumnavigation plan, claims of reconnaissance mission in West Indies, colonization of Americas sought, commands ships in Ireland, confiscation of foreign ships, confiscation of treasure ship,
San Felipe
, death of brothers in Americas, demand for justice for Hawkins, desire to capture the Spanish fleet, disappearance “disgrace” of 1590s, Dom Antonio’s plan to take the Azores and, Elizabeth and, Elizabeth’s favor, failure of restoration of Dom Antonio and, fame of, first command as captain, first command of English ship, first Englishman to see the Pacific, first slaver voyage, with Hawkins, fleet

Drake
(continued)
for Cadiz mission, fleet sent to plunder Spain and Spanish America, four slaver voyage, with Hawkins, fourth slaver voyage, with Hawkins, as gentleman adventurer, xvii; given royal “right of reprisal,” hatred of Catholics, hatred of Philip II, on justice, as justice of the Admiralty, level of humanity, as lieutenant general of the fleet, Lovell voyage, marries Mary Newman, as mayor of Plymouth, as national hero, Northwest Passage sought, Panama voyage, and death, passage through the Strait of Magellan,
Pelican
rechristened
Golden Hind
, piracy and, plunder on the Spanish Main and, poem, profits made by, profits made by piracy, Protestantism of, queen’s commission granted to, raids with Huguenot pirate Le Testu, registering of booty aboard the
Hind
, return from fourth voyage, return to England from second trip to Americas, at Roanoke Colony, secret mission to destroy Spanish fleet, Cadiz, service in Ireland, ships owned by, Spanish war threat and, territory claimed for England, told of St. Bartholomew Day massacre, trade agreement with Spice Islands and, trading mission to East Indies backed by, treachery in San Juan de Ulúa and, treatment of his men, trial and execution of Thomas Doughty, war with the Catholics and, yellow fever epidemic and

Drake, John, death of

Drake, John (cousin of Francis)

Drake, Thomas

Duckett, Lionel, backing of Hawkins, as lord mayor of London, promoter of Frobisher voyage,

Dudley, Edward

Dudley, Robert.
See
Leicester,

Robert Dudley, Earl of

Dudley, Sir Robert (son)

Dyer, Sir Edward, xiv; backing of Frobisher

East India Company,

Edinburgh, Treaty of

Edward VI, King of England, death of, Protestant rule of England,

Western Catholic Rebellion and

Egmont, Lamoral, Count of

Eighty Years War

Eldred, John

Elisabeth, Princess of France, marriage to Philip II

Elizabeth I, Queen of England

ADVISORS:
aging and deaths of, astrologer, John Dee, Burghley, Sir William Cecil, Baron (
see
Burghley, Sir William Cecil, Baron); Cecil, Sir Robert concerns about loyalty, Dudley (Leicester) and, xiv, Essex sworn in as councillor, first instructions to Privy Council, governess, Cat Ashley, kinships and marriage alliances among advisors, Mildmay, lord treasurer; Privy Council formed, Raleigh, Sir Walter, royal favor and venturing of personal wealth, Walsingham, Sir Francis (
see
Walsingham, Sir Francis)

ASSASSINATION ATTEMPTS AND REBELLIONS AGAINST
, Babington plot, betrayal by Norfolk and, betrayal by Thomas Stucley, Essex’s plan to control the court, false charges against Roderigo Lopez, Munster plot, Northern Rising, Ridolfi plot, Throckmorton plots

CATHOLICS AND,
in England, in government, Henry IV of France’s conversion to Catholicism, as “Queen of all the English,” repression and fining of, threat of a Catholic League

CLAIM TO
E
NGLISH THRONE AND ASCENSION
, execution of Catherine Howard, execution of her mother and, at Hatfield House, Henry II and, imprisonment by Queen Mary, royal ring and acceptance of throne, in Tower of London

COURT:
espionage in, Essex (Robert Devereux), rise and fall of, favor, gold fever (Frobisher’s ore), luxuries, merchant adventurers in, poetry in, Raleigh, Sir Walter, rise and fall of

ENGLAND UNDER
: accomplishments, Act of Supremacy and Uniformity (1559), Armada Speech, audit of men and arms, audit of ships, building of the British Empire, currency rebuilt, education, English character during reigns, economic depression of, first public speech, as Gloriana,
Golden Speech
(1601), hatred of Spain, learning advanced under, maritime expansion and, xvi; military armed and expanded, military of, moderation in religion and, nationalism and patriotism, national pride and Drake’s exploits, notion of commonweal, xvi; treasury of

Elizabeth I, Queen of England
(continued)
xvi, unification of realm and

FRANCE, RELATIONS WITH
: Calais, English desire to regain, Elizabeth’s “engagement” to Anjou and, French Huguenots and, Henry of Navarre and, invasion threat, letter on St. Bartholomew Day’s massacre, threat of Catholic league with Spain

GENTLEMAN ADVENTURERS AND PIRACY,
African voyages backed, backing of Cathay Company, branded “the pirate queen,” Francis Drake and, Francis Drake commissioned to sail against Spain and Spanish Americas, Francis Drake’s last voyage and death, Francis Drake’s secret mission to Cadiz, Islands Voyage to the Azores, John Hawkins and, knighthood for Drake, led by Cumberland, letters of reprisal or marque and, as means for gaining world power, Merchant Adventurers, patent for Sir Humphrey Gilbert, as patriotic, Portuguese protests about interloping and piracy, Raleigh, Sir Walter as court favorite, Raleigh as leader of, Raleigh sent to the Tower, “right of reprisal” Sea Beggars, drawn upon for protection, Sea Beggars, expels from Channel, Sea Beggars, haven granted to, Silver Blockade of Spain proposed by, slave trade, voyages of exploration and deniability

HEALTH AND ILLNESSES:
final, and death of, smallpox and naming Dudley protector of the realm

I
RELAND, PROBLEM OF:
abolishing of “coyne and livery” and, Essex sent to fight Hugh O’Neill, Sir Humphrey Gilbert in, Munster plot, Philip’s support of uprisings, rebellions in, threat of invasion from, Ulster Plantation scheme and, war costs, warning against shedding unnecessary blood

MARITIME POWER OF
E
NGLAND AND:
English navy, founding of Virginia colony and, gentleman adventurers and piracy and, Hawkins’ charges against misappropriation of funds and, Hawkins’ shipbuilding program, lack of true Royal Navy, naval mobilization system, plan to colonize Florida, Queen’s ships, Royal Navy begun,
See also
trade

MARRIAGE QUESTION
Charles, Archduke of Austria as suitor, Duc d’Alençon as suitor, offer by Duke of Anjou

MARY STUART,
Q
UEEN OF
S
COTS AND:
execution of, letter to, on Darnley’s murder, marriage to Darnley and, War of the Insignia

NATIONAL SECURITY
gentleman adventurers and piracy as main weapon for, prayer of,.
See also specific countries

NETHERLANDS (LOW COUNTRIES), RELATIONS WITH AND,
as broker between Netherlands and Spain, Dudley in command of, Duke of Anjou backed in, embargo on grain, English force sent to capture Flushing, funding of Dutch rebels, protection of, relief sent to Antwerp, suspension of trade with, Thomas Gresham as agent in

PAPACY, AS ENEMY
: excommunication by Pius Munster plot and, papal bull against Elizabeth, refusal to adopt Gregorian calendar, xviii, siege of Smerwick and, threat of

PERSONALITY AND CHARACTER,
ill-temper of, parsimony of, peace and, xvi; pride, vacillation

PORTUGAL, RELATIONS WITH:
demand for redress of losses to Drake, Dom Antonio’s claim to the throne and, Eastern trade and

PROTESTANTS AND:
alliances (
see also
Huguenots; William of Orange); in government, as leader of, as “Queen of all the English,”

REVENUE GENERATION, PRIORITY OF,
borrowing capacity, debts owed to Flanders merchants, Drake’s fleet to plunder, Drake’s treasure and, financial backing by merchants, inventory of debts owed, loan from Benedict Spinola, loans from Antwerp, repays Mary I’s loans in Antwerp, sale of crown lands, sale of patents, takes one-third share of registered plunder, from treasure and plunder,

SCOTLAND:
threat of invasion from, War of the Insignia,.
See also
James King of Scotland; Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots

SPAIN, RELATIONS WITH:
arrest of Spanish subjects in England, attempted block-ade of, Bristol Accord

Elizabeth I, Queen of England
(continued)
and peace, as broker between Netherlands and Spain, Cadiz abandoned, confrontation with Mendoza over invasion of Ireland, demand for Drake’s booty rejected, escalation of hostilities with, financing of France to stop Spain, invasion threat, letter to Philip II on Hawkins behalf, loss of Alba’s ships to Elizabeth, peace negotiations, Philip II and, Philip II as seemingly unstoppable, Philip’s “Enterprise of England” invasion plan, Philip’s marriage proposal and, Philip’s order to seize ships (1585), xxiv, placates King of Spain and Alba, protests about interloping into trade, Spanish Armada and, threat of Catholic league with France, war, war costs.
See also
Philip II, King of Spain