Read The Portable Dante Online
Authors: Dante Alighieri
67-72. Gian Gaetano degli Orsini (lit. “of the little bears, ” hence the designation “she-bear’s son” and the reference to “my cubs”) became Pope Nicholas III in 1277. As a cardinal he won renown for his integrity; however, in the short three years between ascent to the papal throne and his death he became notorious for his si-moniacal practices.
77. The man still to come is Boniface VIII. (See above, note on line 53.)
82-84. The “lawless shepherd” is Pope Clement V of Gascony, who, upon his death in 1314, will join Nicholas and Boniface in eternal torment.
85-87. Having obtained the high priesthood of the Jews by bribing King Antiochus of Syria, Jason neglected the sacrifices and sanctuary of the temple and introduced Greek modes of life into his community. As Jason had fraudulently acquired his position, so had Menelaus, who offered more money to the king, supplanted Jason (2 Maccabees 47:7-27). As Jason obtained his office from King Antiochus fraudulently, so shall Clement acquire his from Philip.
I do not know, perhaps I was too bold here, but I answered him in tune with his own words: “Well, tell me now: what was the sum of money | 90 |
that holy Peter had to pay our Lord before He gave the keys into his keeping? Certainly He asked no more than ‘Follow me. ’ | 93 |
Nor did Peter or the rest extort gold coins or silver from Matthias when he was picked to fill the place the evil one had lost. | 96 |
So stay stuck there, for you are rightly punished, and guard with care the money wrongly gained that made you stand courageous against Charles. | 99 |
And were it not for the reverence I have for those highest of all keys that you once held in the happy life—if this did not restrain me, | 102 |
I would use even harsher words than these, for your avarice brings grief upon the world, crushing the good, exalting the depraved. | 105 |
You shepherds it was the Evangelist had in mind when the vision came to him of her who sits upon the waters playing whore with kings: | 108 |
that one who with the seven heads was born and from her ten horns managed to draw strength so long as virtue was her bridegroom’s joy. | 111 |
You have built yourselves a God of gold and silver! How do you differ from the idolator, except he worships one, you worship hundreds? | 114 |
94-96. After the treachery and subsequent expulsion of Judas, the apostles cast lots in order to replenish their number. Thus, by the will of God, not through monetary payment, was Matthias elected to the vacated post (Acts 1:15-26).
106-111. St. John the Evangelist relates his vision of the dissolute Imperial City of Rome. To Dante, she “who sits / upon the waters” represents the Church, which has been corrupted by the simoniacal activities of many popes (the “shepherds” of the Church). The seven heads symbolize the seven Holy Sacraments; the ten horns represent the Ten Commandments.
O Constantine, what evil did you sire, not by your conversion, but by the dower that the first wealthy Father got from you!” | 117 |
And while I sang these very notes to him, his big flat feet kicked fiercely out of anger, —or perhaps it was his conscience gnawing him. | 120 |
I think my master liked what I was saying, for all the while he smiled and was intent on hearing the ring of truly spoken words. | 123 |
Then he took hold of me with both his arms, and when he had me firm against his breast, he climbed back up the path he had come down. | 126 |
He did not tire of the weight clasped tight to him, but brought me to the top of the bridge’s arch, the one that joins the fourth bank to the fifth. | 129 |
And here he gently set his burden down— gently, for the ridge, so steep and rugged, would have been hard even for goats to cross. | 132 |
From there another valley opened to me. |
115-117. Constantine the Great, emperor of Rome (306-387), was converted to Christianity in the year 312. Having conquered the eastern Mediterranean lands, he transferred the capital of the Roman Empire to Constantinople (360). This move, according to tradition, stemmed from Constantine’s decision to place the western part of the empire under the jurisdiction of the Church in order to repay Pope Sylvester (“the first wealthy Father”) for healing him of leprosy. The so-called “Donation of Constantine, ” though it was proved in the fifteenth century to be a complete fabrication on the part of the clergy, was universally accepted as the truth in the Middle Ages. Dante the Pilgrim reflects this tradition in his sad apostrophe to the individual who first would have introduced wealth to the Church and who, unknowingly, would be ultimately responsible for its present corruption.
I
N THE FOURTH
Bolgia
they see a group of shades weeping as they walk slowly along the valley; they are the Soothsayers and their heads are twisted completely around so that their hair flows down their fronts and their tears flow down to their buttocks. Virgil points out many of them, including Amphiaraus, Tiresias, Aruns, and Manto. It was Manto who first inhabited the site of Virgil’s home city of Mantua, and the poet gives a long description of the city’s founding, after which he names more of the condemned soothsayers: Eurypylus, Michael Scot, Guido Bonatti, and Asdente.
Now I must turn strange torments into verse to form the matter of the twentieth canto of the first chant, the one about the damned. | 3 |
Already I was where I could look down into the depths of the ditch: I saw its floor was wet with anguished tears shed by the sinners, | 6 |
and I saw people in the valley’s circle, silent, weeping, walking at a litany pace the way processions push along in our world. | 9 |
And when my gaze moved down below their faces, I saw all were incredibly distorted, the chin was not above the chest, the neck | 12 |
was twisted—their faces looked down on their backs; they had to move ahead by moving backward, for they never saw what was ahead of them. | 15 |
Perhaps there was a case of someone once in a palsy fit becoming so distorted, but none that | 18 |
So may God grant you, Reader, benefit from reading of my poem, just ask yourself how I could keep my eyes dry when, close by, | 21 |
I saw the image of our human form so twisted—the tears their eyes were shedding streamed down to wet their buttocks at the cleft. | 24 |
Indeed I did weep, as I leaned my body against a jut of rugged rock. My guide: “So you are still like all the other fools? | 27 |
In this place piety lives when pity is dead, for who could be more wicked than that man who tries to bend divine will to his own! | 30 |
Lift your head up, lift it, see him for whom the earth split wide before the Thebans’ eyes, while they all shouted, ‘Where are you rushing off to, | 33 |
Amphiaraus? Why do you quit the war?’ He kept on rushing downward through the gap until Minos, who gets them all, got him. | 36 |
You see how he has made his back his chest: because he wished to see too far ahead, he sees behind and walks a backward track. | 39 |
Behold Tiresias, who changed his looks: from a man he turned himself into a woman, transforming all his body, part for part; | 42 |
then later on he had to take the wand and strike once more those two snakes making love before he could get back his virile parts. | 45 |
34-36. Amphiaraus was a seer and one of the seven kings who led the expedition against Thebes (see Canto XIV, 68-69). He foresaw that he would die during the siege, and to avoid his fate he hid himself so that he would not have to fight. But his wife Eriphyle revealed his hiding place to Polynices, and Amphiaraus was forced to go to battle. He met his death when the earth opened up and swallowed him.
40-45. Tiresias was the famous soothsayer of Thebes. According to Ovid, Tiresias with his rod once separated two serpents that were coupled together, whereupon he was transformed into a woman. Seven years later he found the same two serpents, struck them again, and became a man once more. Later Jupiter and Juno asked Tiresias, who had the experience of belonging to both sexes, which sex enjoyed love-making more. When Tiresias answered “woman, ” Juno struck him blind. However, Jupiter in compensation gave him the gift of prophesy.
Backing up to this one’s chest comes Aruns, who, in the hills of Luni, worked by peasants of Carrara dwelling in the valley’s plain, | 48 |
lived in white marble cut into a cave, and from this site, where nothing blocked his view, he could observe the sea and stars with ease. | 51 |
And that one, with her hair loose, flowing back to cover both her breasts you cannot see, and with her hairy parts in front behind her, | 54 |
was Manto, who had searched through many lands before she came to dwell where I was born; now let me tell you something of her story. | 57 |
When her father had departed from the living, and Bacchus’ sacred city fell enslaved, she wandered through the world for many years. | 60 |
High in fair Italy there spreads a lake, beneath the mountains bounding Germany beyond the Tyrol, known as Lake Benaco; | 63 |
by a thousand streams and more, I think, the Alps are bathed from Garda to the Val Camonica with the waters flowing down into that lake; | 66 |
46-51. Aruns was the Etruscan diviner who forecast the Roman civil war and its outcome. He made his home “in the hills of Luni” (47), the area now known as Carrara and renowned for its white marble.
52-60. Manto, upon the death of her father, Tiresias, fled Thebes (“Bacchus’ sacred city, ” 59) and its tyrant Creon. She finally arrived in Italy and there founded the city of Mantua, Virgil’s birthplace (56).
63. Lake Benaco, today Lake Garda, lies in northern Italy at the center of the triangle formed by the cities of Trent, Brescia, and Verona.
64-66. Here, the “Alps” refers to that range between the Camonica valley, west of Lake Garda, and the city of Garda, on the lake’s eastern shore, that is watered by many streams, which ultimately flow into Lake Garda.
at its center is a place where all three bishops of Trent and Brescia and Verona could, if they would ever visit there, say Mass; | 69 |
Peschiera sits, a handsome well-built fortress, to ward off Brescians and the Bergamese, along the lowest point of that lake’s shore, | 72 |
where all the water that Benaco’s basin cannot hold must overflow to make a stream that winds its way through countrysides of green; | 75 |
but when the water starts to flow, its name is not Benaco but Mencio, all the way to Governol, where it falls into the Po; | 78 |
but before its course is run it strikes a lowland, on which it spreads and turns into a marsh that can become unbearable in summer. | 81 |
Passing this place one day the savage virgin saw land that lay in the center of the mire, untilled and empty of inhabitants. | 84 |
There, to escape all human intercourse, she stopped to practice magic with her servants; there she lived, and there she left her corpse. | 87 |
Later on, the men who lived around there gathered on that very spot, for it was well protected by the bog that girded it on every side. | 90 |
67-69. On an island in Lake Garda (Benaco) the boundaries of the dioceses of Trent, Brescia, and Verona met, thereby making it possible for all three bishops to hold services or “say Mass” there.
70-72. The fortress of Peschiera and the town of the same name are on the southeast shore of Lake Garda.
78. Governol, now called Governolo, is twelve miles from Mantua and situated at the junction of the Mincio and the Po rivers.
They built a city over her dead bones, and for her, the first to choose that place, they named it Mantua, without recourse to sorcery. | 93 |
Once, there were far more people living there, before the foolish Casalodi listened to the fraudulent advice of Pinamonte. | 96 |
And so, I warn you, should you ever hear my city’s origin told otherwise, let no false tales adulterate the truth. ” | 99 |
And I replied: “Master, your explanations are truth for me, winning my faith entirely; any others would be just like burned-out coals. | 102 |
But speak to me of these shades passing by, if you see anyone that is worth noting; for now my mind is set on only that. ” | 105 |
He said: “That one, whose beard flows from his cheeks and settles on his back and makes it dark, was (when the war stripped Greece of all its males, | 108 |
so that the few there were still rocked in cradles) an augur who, with Calchas, called the moment to cut the first ship’s cable free at Aulis: | 111 |
he is Eurypylus. I sang his story this way, somewhere in my high tragedy: you should know where—you know it, every line. | 114 |
That other one, whose thighs are scarcely fleshed, was Michael Scot, who most assuredly knew every trick of magic fraudulence. | 117 |