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Authors: Dante Alighieri

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93. The customs of ancient peoples dictated that the name of a newly founded city be obtained through sorcery. Such was not the case with Mantua.

113. The “high tragedy” is the
Aeneid
(II, 114-119). In this work, however, Eurypylus is not an augur, but a soldier sent to the oracle to discover Apollo’s predictions as to the best time to set sail from Troy.

116-117. Michael Scot was a Scottish philosopher attached to Frederick II’s court at Palermo (see Canto X, 119), who translated the works of Aristotle from the Arabic of his commentator, Avicenna (see Canto IV, 143). By reputation he was a magician and augur. (Cf. Boccaccio,
Decameron,
VIII, 9.)

See there Guido Bonatti; see Asdente, who wishes now he had been more devoted to making shoes—too late now for repentance.

120

And see those wretched hags who traded in needle, spindle, shuttle, for fortune-telling, and cast their spells with image-dolls and potions.

123

Now come along. Cain with his thorn-bush straddles the confines of both hemispheres already and dips into the waves below Seville;

126

and the moon last night already was at full; and you should well remember that at times when you were lost in the dark wood she helped you. ”

129

And we were moving all the time he spoke.

CANTO XXI

W
HEN THE TWO
reach the summit of the arch over the Fifth Bolgia, they see in the ditch below the bubbling of boiling pitch. Virgil’s sudden warning of danger frightens the Pilgrim even before he sees a black devil rushing toward them, with a sinner slung over his shoulder. From the bridge the devil flings the sinner into the pitch, where he is poked at and tormented by the family of Malebranche devils. Virgil, advising his ward to hide behind a rock, crosses the bridge to face the devils alone. They threaten him with their pitchforks, but when he announces
to their leader, Malacoda, that Heaven has willed that he lead another through Hell, the devil’s arrogance collapses. Virgil calls the Pilgrim back to him. Scarmiglione, who tries to take a poke at him, is rebuked by his leader, who tells the travelers that the sixth arch is broken here but farther on they will find another bridge to cross. He chooses a squad of his devils to escort them there: Alichino, Calcabrina, Cagnazzo, Barbariccia, Libicocco, Draghignazzo, Ciriatto, Graffiacane, Farfarello, and Rubicante. The Pilgrim’s suspicion about their unsavory escorts is brushed aside by his guide, and the squad starts off, giving an obscene salute to their captain, who returns their salute with a fart.

118-120. Guido Bonatti, a native of Forlì, was a well-known astrologer and diviner. Benvenuto (or Asdente, “toothless, ” as he was called) was a cobbler from Parma who supposedly possessed certain magic powers.

124-126. By some mysterious power Virgil is able to reckon time in the depths of Hell. The moon (referred to as “Cain with his thorn-bush, ” 124, the medieval Italian counterpart of our “Man in the Moon”) is directly over the line of demarcation between the Northern (land) and the Southern (water) hemispheres and is setting on the western horizon (the “waves below Seville, ” 126). The time is approximately six A.M.

From this bridge to the next we walked and talked of things my Comedy does not care to tell; and when we reached the summit of the arch,

3

we stopped to see the next fosse of Malebolge and to hear more lamentation voiced in vain: I saw that it was very strangely dark!

6

In the vast and busy shipyard of the Venetians there boils all winter long a tough, thick pitch that is used to caulk the ribs of unsound ships.

9

Since winter will not let them sail, they toil: some build new ships, others repair the old ones, plugging the planks come loose from many sailings;

12

some hammer at the bow, some at the stern, one carves the oars while others twine the ropes, one mends the jib, one patches up the mainsail;

15

here, too, but heated by God’s art, not fire, a sticky tar was boiling in the ditch that smeared the banks with viscous residue.

18

I saw it there, but I saw nothing in it, except the rising of the boiling bubbles breathing in air to burst and sink again.

21

7-15. During the Middle Ages the shipyard at Venice, built in 1104, was one of the most active and productive in all Europe. The image of the busy shipyard with its activity revolving around a vat of viscous pitch establishes the tone for this canto (and the next) as one of tense and excited movement.

I stood intently gazing there below, my guide, shouting to me: “Watch out, watch out!” took hold of me and drew me to his side.

24

I turned my head like one who can’t resist looking to see what makes him run away (his body’s strength draining with sudden fear),

27

but, looking back, does not delay his flight; and I saw coming right behind our backs, rushing along the ridge, a devil, black!

30

His face, his look, how frightening it was! With outstretched wings he skimmed along the rock, and every single move he made was cruel;

33

on one of his high-hunched and pointed shoulders he had a sinner slung by both his thighs, held tightly clawed at the tendons of his heels.

36

He shouted from our bridge: “Hey, Malebranche, here’s one of Santa Zita’s elders for you! You stick him under—I’ll go back for more;

39

I’ve got that city stocked with the likes of him, they’re all a bunch of grafters, save Bonturo! You can change a ‘no’ to ‘yes’ for cash in Lucca. ”

42

He flung him in, then from the flinty cliff sprang off. No hound unleashed to chase a thief could have taken off with greater speed than he.

45

That sinner plunged, then floated up stretched out, and the devils underneath the bridge all shouted: “You shouldn’t imitate the Holy Face!

48

The swimming’s different here from in the Serchio! We have our grappling-hooks along with us— don’t show yourself above the pitch, or else!”

51

46-51. The “Holy Face” was a wooden crucifix at Lucca. The sinner surfaces stretched out (46) on his back with arms flung wide like the figure on a crucifix—and this gives rise to the devil’s remark that here in Hell one does not swim the same way as in the Serchio (a river near Lucca). In other words, in the Serchio people swim for pleasure, often floating on their backs (in the position of a crucifix).

With a hundred prongs or more they pricked him, shrieking: “You’ve got to do your squirming under cover, try learning how to cheat beneath the surface. ”

54

They were like cooks who make their scullery boys poke down into the caldron with their forks to keep the meat from floating to the top.

57

My master said: “We’d best not let them know that you are here with me; crouch down behind some jutting rock so that they cannot see you;

60

whatever insults they may hurl at me, you must not fear, I know how things are run here; I have been caught in as bad a fix before. ”

63

He crossed the bridge and walked on past the end; as soon as he set foot on the sixth bank he forced himself to look as bold as possible.

66

With all the sound and fury that breaks loose when dogs rush out at some poor begging tramp, making him stop and beg from where he stands,

69

the ones who hid beneath the bridge sprang out and blocked him with a flourish of their pitchforks, but he shouted: “All of you behave yourselves!

72

Before you start to jab me with your forks, let one of you step forth to hear me out, and then decide if you still care to grapple. ”

75

They all cried out: “Let Malacoda go!” One stepped forward—the others stood their ground— and moving, said, “What good will this do him?”

78

“Do you think, Malacoda, ” said my master, “that you would see me here, come all this way, against all opposition, and still safe,

81

76. Malacoda is the leader of the devils in this
bolgia.
It is significant that a devil whose name means “evil tail” ends this canto with a fart (139).

without propitious fate and God’s permission? Now let us pass, for it is willed in Heaven that I lead another by this savage path. ”

84

With this the devil’s arrogance collapsed, his pitchfork, too, dropped right down to his feet, as he announced to all: “Don’t touch this man!”

87

“You, hiding over there, ” my guide called me, “behind the bridge’s rocks, curled up and quiet, come back to me, you may return in safety. ”

90

At his words I rose and then I ran to him and all the devils made a movement forward; I feared they would not really keep their pact.

93

(I remember seeing soldiers under truce, as they left the castle of Caprona, frightened to be passing in the midst of such an enemy.)

96

I drew up close to him, as close as possible, and did not take my eyes from all those faces that certainly had nothing good about them.

99

Their prongs were aimed at me, and one was saying: “Now do I let him have it in the rump?” They answered all for one: “Sure, stick him good!”

102

But the devil who had spoken with my guide was quick to spin around and scream an order: “At ease there, take it easy, Scarmiglione!”

105

Then he said to us: “You cannot travel straight across this string of bridges, for the sixth arch lies broken at the bottom of its ditch;

108

if you have made your mind up to proceed, you must continue on along this ridge; not far, you’ll find a bridge that crosses it.

111

94-96. Dante’s personal recollection concerns the siege of Caprona (a fortress on the Arno River near Pisa) by Guelph troops from Lucca and Florence in 1289.

Five hours more and it will be one thousand, two hundred sixty-six years and a day since the bridge-way here fell crumbling to the ground.

114

I plan to send a squad of mine that way to see that no one airs himself down there; go along with them, they will not misbehave.

117

Front and center, Alichino, Calcabrina, ” he shouted his commands, “you too, Cagnazzo; Barbariccia, you be captain of the squad.

120

Take Libicocco with you and Draghignazzo, toothy Ciriatto and Graffiacane, Farfarello and our crazy Rubicante.

123

Now tour the ditch, inspect the boiling tar; these two shall have safe passage to the bridge connecting den to den without a break. ”

126

“O master, I don’t like the looks of this, ” I said, “let’s go, just you and me, no escort, you know the way. I want no part of them!

129

If you’re observant, as you usually are, why is it you don’t see them grind their teeth and wink at one another?—we’re in danger!”

132

And he to me: “I will not have you frightened; let them do all the grinding that they want, they do it for the boiling souls, not us. ”

135

Before they turned left-face along the bank each one gave their good captain a salute with farting tongue pressed tightly to his teeth,

138

and he blew back with his bugle of an ass-hole.

112-114. Christ’s death on Good Friday, A.D. 34, would in five hours, according to Malacoda, have occurred 1266 years ago yesterday—“today” being the morning of Holy Saturday, 1300. Although the bridge across the next
bolgia
was shattered by the earthquake following Christ’s crucifixion, Malacoda tells Virgil and the Pilgrim that there is another bridge that crosses this
bolgia.
This lie, carefully contrived by the spokesman for the devils, sets the trap for the overly confident, trusting Virgil and his wary charge.

CANTO XXII

T
HE NOTE
of grotesque comedy in the
bolgia
of the
Malebranche
continues, with a comparison between Malacoda’s salute to his soldiers and different kinds of military signals the Pilgrim has witnessed in his lifetime. He sees many Grafters squatting in the pitch, but as soon as the
Malebranche
draw near, they dive below the surface. One unidentified Navarrese, however, fails to escape and is hoisted up on Graffiacane’s hooks; Rubicante and the other
Malebranche
start to tear into him, but Virgil, at his ward’s request, manages to question him between torments. The sinner briefly tells his story, and then relates that he has left below in the pitch an Italian, Fra Gomita, a particularly adept grafter, who spends his time talking to Michel Zanche.

The Navarrese sinner promises to lure some of his colleagues to the surface for the devils’ amusement, if the tormentors will hide themselves for a moment. Cagnazzo is skeptical but Alichino agrees, and no sooner do the
Malebranche
turn away than the crafty grafter dives below the pitch. Alichino flies after him, but too late; now Calcabrina rushes after Alichino and both struggle above the boiling pitch, and then fall in. Barbariccia directs the rescue operation as the two poets steal away.

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