The Siege of Vienna: The Last Great Trial Between Cross & Crescent (44 page)

It is noticeable that the second centenary of 1683 produced a very large number of publications, both of the primary sources and of critical studies, and therefore the best introduction to the whole subject may perhaps be found in two reviews of that time: K. Uhlirz, ‘Die neueste Literatur über des Jahres 1683’, pp. 325–49, in
M.I.ö.G,
v (1884), and F. Maresch, ‘Das Jahr 1683’, pp. 179–216, in
Historisches Jahrbuch. Görres-Gesellschaft,
v. (1884). Fifty years later there was a good but less copious harvest. Among the works which appeared in 1933, R. Lorentz,
Türkenjahr 1683
(a revised edition was published in 1944) gives a good general account of the siege, and the notes and bibliography refer to the researches which have been carried out since 1883. Its subtitle,
Das Reich im Kampf um den Ostraum,
gives a fair idea of the author’s leading theme.

The third century of the siege was celebrated in many places, from New York via Vienna and Warsaw to Istanbul. There was a modest output of new studies, and of new primary sources. A general survey of these will be found in W. Leitsch and M. D. Peyfuss, ‘Drei hundert Jahre seit dem Entsatz von Wien 1683’ in
Jahrbuch für Geschichte Osteuropas,
32 (1984).

The most comprehensive account of the whole topic is Thomas M. Barker,
Double Eagle and Crescent. Vienna’s second Turkish siege and its historical setting
(Albany, New York, 1967).

NOTES

Chapter 1: The Origins of the Ottoman Attack.

1
Hammer, p. 382; Klopp, pp. 120–2.

2
M.M.,
p. 664. The date is not certain: any day between 6 and 12 October is possible. Contemporary writers by no means agree on many points of detail.

3
G. Benaglia,
Relatione del viaggiofatto á Constantinopoli, e ritorno in Germania
(Bologna, 1684), pp. 136–50.

4
Caprara’s dispatch, 14 April, 1683. H.H.S., Turcica, 1. fz. 152.

5
Benaglia, pp. 180–1; E. Browne,
A Brief Account of Some Travels
(ed. London, 1685), pp. 3, 25.

6
M.M.,
p. 667.

7
O. Brunner, ‘Eine osmanische Quelle zur Geschichte der Belagerung Wiens im Jahre 1683’, in
Mitt, des Vereines für Geschichte der Stadt Wien,
v (1925), pp. 37–41.

8
Narrative of Travels in Europe, Asia and Africa
(London, 1834–50), especially vol. i (part 2), pp. 54–7, 100 ff, and vol. ii., pp. 60–2; A. Pallis,
In the Days of the Janissaries (London,
1951).

9
H.A.R. Gibb and H. Bowen,
Islamic Society and the West
(London, 1950–7), i. 37.

10
B. Miller,
The Palace School of Muhammad the Conqueror
(Harvard, 1941), 172 ff.

11
F. W. Hasluck,
Christianity and Islam under the Sultans
(Oxford, 1929), ii. 419–22, 611.

12
G. F. Abbott,
Under the Turk in Constantinople . . . 1674
–
1681
(London, 1920), 227 ff, 284.

13
Gibb and Bowen, ii. 258.

14
N. Jorga,
Geschichte des osmanischen Reiches
(Gotha, 1911), iv. 62–70.

15
Hammer, p. 322.

16
In 1659, the local Ottoman headquarters were moved from Timisoara to Jenö, somewhat closer to Transylvanian territory (L. Fekete,
Die Siyāqat-Schrift in der türkischen Finanzverwaltung
(Budapest, 1955), i. 699). Oradea, captured in 1660, strengthened the Turkish position farther north.

17
Literaturdenkmäler aus Ungarns Türkenzeit,
ed. Babinger (Berlin, 1927), pp. 15–19.

18
The traveller Jean Chardin reported of Caffa (Feodosiya) in 1672: ‘During the forty days that I stayed there, I saw come in and go out above 400 sail of ships, not counting little vessels that keep close to the shore.’
Travels
(ed. London, 1685), p. 69.

19
L. Makkai,
Histoire de Transylvanie
(Paris, 1946), pp. 237–47;
Österreichische Staatsverträge. Siebenbürgen,
ed. R. Gooss (Vienna, 1911), pp. 806–45.

20
Encyclopaedia of Islam,
art. ‘Kara Mustafa Pasha’.

21
Abbott, p. 194.

22
This was the view of foreign diplomats at Istanbul (Barozzi and Berchet,
Le Relazioni . . . Turchia,
ii (1872), pp. 207, 235, and K. Koehler,
Die orientalische Politik Ludwigs XIV
(Leipzig, 1907), p. 75), shared by Hammer, p. 337. It still amounts to no more than a guess.

23
S. Buxhoeveden, A
Cavalier in Muscovy
(London, 1938), p. 249.

24
Hammer, pp. 341, 726–9; Jorga, iv. 154.

25
Gooss,
Siebenbürgen,
pp. 858–63.

26
Cf. G. Tolnai, ‘Le comte Michel Teleki’, in
Nouvelle Revue de Hongrie,
xxxiii (1940), pp. 304–10.

27
O. Redlich,
Geschichte Österreichs
(Gotha, 1921), pp. 292–8.

28
E. Hurmuzaki,
Fragmente zur Geschichte der Rumänen
(Bucharest, 1889), iii. 325–6;
Monumenta Comitialia Regni Transylvaniae
(Budapest, 1894), xvii. 184.

29
Koehler, pp. 95, 97, 123.

30
G. Fantuzzi,
Notizie degli scrittori bolognesi,
iii (Bologna, 1783), pp. 101–7; and the
Insegnamenti del vivere del conte Alberto Caprara a Massimo suo nipote
(Bologna, 1672).

31
Hammer, p. 731–2.

32
Hammer, p. 378.

33
Monumenta Comitialia Regni Transylvaniae,
xvii. 38.

34
Cf. R. F. Kreutel,
Im Reiche des goldenen Apfels
(Graz, 1957).

35
Klopp, pp. 533, 539–40.

36
In 1682 or 1683, also, the Turkish geographer Ebubekr, who had earlier completed a Turkish version of Blaeu’s
Atlas Major,
from the copy of this work presented to the Sultan by the Dutch ambassador in 1668, was ordered to compose an account of Hungary and Germany. F. Taeschner, ‘Zur Geschichte des Djihānnumā’,
Mitt. des Seminars für örientalische Sprachen,
xxix, pt. 2 (Berlin, 1926), pp. 99–111.

37
Caprara’s dispatch from Buda, 19th February, 1682. H.H.S., Turcica, 1. fz. 151.

38
It was taken by Caprara’s servant, G. B. da Fabris, who was instructed to gather all possible information in the course of his journey through Hungary.

39
Letters from Benaglia to Caprara of 11 and 13 July refer to their difficulty in finding a courier to go from Istanbul to Vienna. H.H.S., Turcica, i. fz. 152.

40
Klopp, p. 539. Cf. p. 111 below.

41
Hurmuzaki,
Documente privitoré la istoria românilor,
v, pt. I (Bucharest, 1885), pp. 100–1.

42
F. Babinger, ‘Qara Mustafa Paschas Essegger Sendschreiben an den Markgrafen Herman von Baden’, in
Archiv Orientální,
iv (1932), 23–33.

43
‘Diarium, was sich vom 7. Juny anno 1683 . . . bey der türkischen armee zugetragen’,
A.ö.G.
iv (1850), p. 498.

44
For the Khan see F. Kraelitz-Greifenhorst, ‘Aufforderungs-und Kontributions-schreiben des Tartaren-Hans Murad Giraj vom Jahre 1683 an Wiener-Neustadt’
Mitt. zur osmanischen Geschichte,
i (1921–2), pp. 223–31.

45
The Turkish authorities for this conference differ on many points, and the account given above is no more than plausible.
M.M.,
pp. 667, 693; Hammer, pp. 392–3; cf. E. Lovarini,
La schiavitù del generale Marsigli sotto i Tartari e i Turchi
(Bologna, 1931), pp. 69, 103.

46
Caprara to Leopold, 20th October, 1682. Vienna, Kriegsarchiv, Feldakten, fz. 162.

47
Benaglia, p. 168.

48
‘Relatione particolare . . . del Conte Alberto Caprara Anno 1682 e 1683’. H.H.S. Böhm
MS.
758, f.91.

Chapter
2:
Leopold I and the City of Vienna

1
Privatbriefe K. Leopold I . . . 1662
–
1673
(ed. Pribram, 1903–4); H. Srbik,
Wien und Versailles 1692
–
1697
(Munich, 1944), pp. 25–8, and references given there.

2
Cf. T. Fellner and H. Kretschmayr,
Die österreichische Zentralverwaltung
(Vienna,
1907); H. F. Schwarz,
The Imperial Privy Council in the Seventeenth Century
(Harvard, 1943).

3
Wurm,
Die Jörger von Tollet
(Linz, 1955), pp. 167, 198–205.

4
M. Vachon, ‘La France et l’Autriche au siège de Vienne en 1683’,
La Nouvelle Revue,
xxiii (1883), pp. 775–7.

5
B. Kucyznski,
Stratmann
(Würzburg, 1934). He was still the Neuburg vice-chancellor while representing Leopold at Nymegen. Ibid., p. 34.

6
P. Wentzcke,
Feldherr des Kaisers. Leben und Taten Herzog Karls V. von Lothringen
(Leipzig, 1943).

7
Acta,
pp. 330–1. The translation has been abbreviated.

8
Wentzcke, p. 168.

9
M. Immich,
Papst Innocenz XI
(Berlin, 1900).

10
Bojani, pp. 345 ff, 592 ff; A. M. Trivellini,
Il Cardinale Francesco Buonvisi a Vienna
1675–1689 (Florence, 1948).

11
Cf. the curious poem, in which the author prophesies a judgment on sinners,
Über dengrossen und entsetzlichen den
16/26
Decemb. anno
1680
zu Regensburg erschienenen Comet.
B.L. Cat.:
8610.bb.41
.

12
M. Héyret,
P. Marcus von Aviano
(1937–46), especially vol. iv. 1–50.

13
Corrispondenza epistolare tra Leopold Imperatore I. ed il P. Marco d Aviano,
ed. O. Klopp (Graz, 1888).

14
M. Dreger,
Baugeschichte der K. K. Hofburg
(Vienna, 1914), 89 ff. The three towers of the old Burg are clearly seen in
illustration VI
.

15
H. Kühnel,
Der Leopoldinische Trakt der Wiener Hofburg
(Vienna, 1960).

16
R. Feuchtmüller,
Das niederösterreichische Landhaus 1530
–
1850
(Vienna, 1949), pp. 12–29.

17
A. F. Pribram, ‘Die niederösterreichische Stände und die Krone in der Zeit Kaiser Leopold I’,
M.I.ö.G.,
xiv (1889), pp. 589–652.

18
F. Walter,
Wien,
ii (1941), p. 211

19
Geschichte der Stadt Wien
(Alterthurnsverein zu Wien), iv (1911), pp. 218–65.

20
A. Camesina, ‘Wiens Bedrängnis im Jahre 1683’,
Berichte und Mitt. des Alterthumsvereines zu Wien,
vol. viii (1865), Supplement, pp. 153–5.

21
Geschichte der Stadt Wien,
iv. 182–5. Whatever may be said against the ‘Stadt Guardia’, one of its pikemen from 1670 onwards was Daniel Suttinger, whose models and maps of the city were outstandingly good.

22
Newald, i.1 ff.

23
T. Mayer,
Der auswärtige Handel des Herzogtums Österreich im Mittelalter
(Innsbruck, 1909).

24
H. Voltelini, ‘Die Wiener Stadt-und Stadtgerichtsordnung Ferdinands I von 1526’,
Mitt, des Vereines für Geschichte der Stadt Wien,
ix-x (1929–30), pp. 105–29.

25
Renner, pp. 133–40, 349–57;
Geschichte der Stadt Wien,
iv. 411 ff.

26
A. T. Leitich,
Vienna Gloriosa
(Vienna, 1947), pp. 98–9.

27
Quoted in
Geschichte der Stadt Wien,
iv. 389.

Chapter 3: The Defence of Habsburg Interests in Europe

1
P. Dirr,
Zur Geschichte der Reichskriegsverfassung . .
. (Munich, 1901), p. 25.

2
Österreichische Staatsverträge. Niederland,
ed. H. Srbik (Vienna, 1912), p. 199.

3
R. Fester,
Die armierten Stände und die Reichskriegsverfassung 1681
–
1697
(Frankfurt, 1886), p. 41.

4
M. Strich,
Das Kurhaus Bayern im Zeitalter Ludwigs XIV . . .
(Munich, 1933), ii. 291.

5
Srbik,
Wien und Versailles,
p. 14; P. Vidal de la Blache and L. Gallois,
Le Bassin de la Sarre
(Paris, 1918), p. 21.

6
W. Platzhoff, ‘Ludwig XIV, das Kaisertum und die europäische Krisis von 1683’,
Historische Zeitung,
cxxi (1920), pp. 377–412; but cf. Strich, ii. 299.

7
Wentzcke,
Feldherr des Kaisers,
p. 184.

8
T. Srbik,
Niederland,
p. 200.

9
B. Gebhardt,
Handbuch der deutschen Geschichte
(ed. 1955), ii. 33–4.

10
U. und A.,
xiv, 905 ff.

11
Ibid. p. 1026.

12
Ibid. pp. 1043, 1052.

13
Strich, ii. 148.

14
Ibid. ii. 35 ff., 293, 303.

15
U. und A.,
xiv. 915.

16
B. Auerbach,
La diplomatie française el la cour de Saxe 1648
–
1680
(Paris, 1888), pp. 480–4.

17
W. Thenius,
Die Anfänge des stehenden Heerwesens in Kursachsen . . .
(Leipzig, 1912), p. 7.

18
Auerbach, p. 485.

19
G. Schnath,
Geschichte Hannovers . . . 1674–1714
(Hildesheim, 1931), i. 171–80.

20
P. L. Muller,
Wilhelm III von Oranien und Georg Friedrich Waldeck
(The Hague, 1873, 1882), i. 154–82.