The Social Animal (60 page)

30
researchers showed Shereshevskii
Medina, 147.

31
“We cultivate refinement”
Thucydides,
The History of the Peloponnesian War
(Middlesex: Echo Library, 2006), 77-80.

32
German scientist Jan Born
Nell Boyce and Susan Brink, “The Secrets of Sleep,”
U.S. News & World Report
, May 17, 2004,
http://health.usnews.com/usnews/health/articles/040517/17sleep.htm
.

33
Research by Robert Stickgold
Emma Young, “Sleep Tight: You spend around a third of your life doing it, so surely there must be a vital reason for sleep, or is there?”
New Scientist
, March 15, 2008, 30-34.

34
In these sorts of early-morning
Jonah Lehrer, “The Eureka Hunt,”
The New Yorker
, July 28, 2008,
http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2008/07/28/080728fa_fact_lehrer
.

35
A second before an insight
Lehrer, “The Eureka Hunt.”

36
It was a sensation
Robert Burton,
On Being Certain: Believing You Are Right Even When You’re Not
(New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2008), 23.

37
As Robert Burton wrote
Burton, 218.

38
“an unsuspected kinship”
Diane Ackerman,
An Alchemy of Mind: The Marvel and Mystery of the Brain
(New York: Scribner, 2004), 168.

CHAPTER
7: NORMS

1
According to the Fragile Families
“The Retreat From Marriage by Low-Income Families,” Fragile Families Research Brief No. 17, June 2003,
http://www.fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/briefs/ResearchBrief17.pdf
.

2
“Whining, which was pervasive”
Annette Lareau,
Unequal Childhoods: Class, Race, and Family Life
(Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2003), 107.

3
Language, as Alva Noë
Alva Noë,
Out of Our Heads: Why You Are Not Your Brain, and Other Lessons from the Biology of Consciousness
(New York: Hill & Wang, 2009), 52.

4
“The amount of talking”
Lareau, 146.

5
Betty Hart and Todd Risley
David L. Kirp, “After the Bell Curve,”
New York Times Magazine
, July 23, 2006,
http://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/23/magazine/23wwln_idealab.html
.

6
On an hourly basis
Paul Tough, “What It Takes to Make a Student,”
New York Times Magazine
, November 26, 2006,
http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/26/magazine/26tough.html?pagewanted=all
.

7
This affects a variety
Martha Farah et al., “Childhood Poverty: Specific Associations with Neurocognitive Development,”
Brain Research
1110, no. 1 (September 19, 2006): 166-174,
http://cogpsy.skku.ac.kr/cwb-bin/CrazyWWWBoard.exe?db-newarticle&mode=download&num=3139&file=farah_2006.pdf
.

8
Research with small mammals
Shirley S. Wang, “This Is Your Brain Without Dad,”
Wall Street Journal
, October 27, 2009,
http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704754804574491811861197926.html
.

9
Students from the poorest
David Brooks, “The Education Gap,”
New York Times
, September 25, 2005,
http://select.nytimes.com/2005/09/25/opinion/25brooks.html?ref=davidbrooks
.

10
economist James J. Heckman
Flavio Cunha and James J. Heckman, “The Economics and Psychology of Inequality and Human Development,”
Journal of the European Economic Association
, 7, nos. 2-3 (April 2009): 320-64,
http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/
JEEA
.2009.7.2-3.320?journalCode=jeea
.

11
As Albert-László Barabási wrote
Albert-László Barabási,
Linked: How Everything Is Connected to Everything Else and What It Means
(New York: Plume, 2003), 6.

12
“Local information can lead”
Steven Johnson,
Emergence: The Connected Lives of Ants, Brains, Cities, and Software
(New York: Touchstone, 2001), 79.

13
As Deborah Gordon of Stanford
Johnson, 32-33.

14
“The honest answer to”
Turkheimer, “Mobiles: A Gloomy View of Research into Complex Human Traits,” in
Wrestling with Behavioral Genetics: Science, Ethics, and Public Conversation
, eds. Erik Parens, Audrey R. Chapman, Nancy Press (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006), 100-101.

15
“No complex behaviors”
Turkheimer, 104.

CHAPTER
8: SELF-CONTROL

1
Another big shock
Daniel Coyle,
The Talent Code: Greatness Isn’t Born. It’s Grown. Here’s How
. (New York: Bantam Books, 2009), 148.

2
Walter Lippmann once wrote
Walter Lippman, “Men and Citizens,” in
The Essential Lippmann: A Political Philosophy for Liberal Democracy
, eds. Clinton Rossiter and James Lare (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1963), 168.

3
Some newborns startle more
Daniel J. Siegel,
The Developing Mind: How Relationships and the Brain Interact to Shape Who We Are
(New York: Guilford Press, 1999), 20.

4
psychologist Jerome Kagan
John T. Cacioppo and William Patrick,
Loneliness: Human Nature and the Need for Social Connection
(New York: W.W. Norton & Co., Inc., 2008), 133.

5
dandelion children and orchid children
David Dobbs, “The Science of Success,”
The Atlantic
, December 2009,
http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2009/12/the-science-of-success/7761/
.

6
A study of engineers
Blair Justice, “The Will to Stay Well,”
New York Times
, April 17, 1988,
http://www.nytimes.com/1988/04/17/magazine/the-will-to-stay-well.html
.

7
Angela Duckworth and Martin Seligman
Angela L. Duckworth and Martin E. P. Seligman, “Self-Discipline Outdoes IQ in Predicting Academic Performance of Adolescents,”
Psychological Science
16, no. 12 (2005): 939-44,
http://www.citeulike.org/user/kericson/article/408060
.

8
The marshmallow test turned
Jonah Lehrer,
How We Decide
(New York: Houghton Mifflin Co., 2009), 112.

9
The kids who possessed
Jonah Lehrer, “Don’t! The Secret of Self-Control,”
The New Yorker
, May 18, 2009,
http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2009/05/18/090518fa_fact_lehrer?currentPage=all
.

10
These children could wait
Walter Mischel and Ozlem Ayduk, “Willpower in a Cognitive-Affective Processing System: The Dynamics of Delay of Gratification,” in
Handbook of Self-Regulation: Research, Theory, and Applications
, eds. Roy F. Baumeister and Kathleen D. Vohs (New York: Guilford Press, 2004), 113.

11
a 2001 survey
Douglas Kirby, “Understanding What Works and What Doesn’t in Reducing Adolescent Sexual Risk-Taking,”
Family Planning Perspectives
33, no. 6 (November/December 2001):
http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/journals/3327601.html
.

12
It’s very hard to build
Clive Thompson, “Are Your Friends Making You Fat?”
New York Times
, September 13, 2009,
http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/13/magazine/13contagion-t.html?pagewanted=all
.

13
“One of the most enduring”
Timothy D. Wilson,
Strangers to Ourselves: Discovering the Adaptive Unconscious
(Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2002), 212.

14
expert players experience sports
Carl Zimmer, “Why Athletes Are Geniuses,”
Discover Magazine
, April 16, 2010,
http://discovermagazine.com/2010/apr/16-the-brain-athletes-are-geniuses
.

15
Daniel J. Siegel calls “mindsight”
Daniel J. Siegel,
Mindsight: The New Science of Personal Transformation
(New York: Bantam Books, 2010).

16
“[T]he whole drama of voluntary life”
Jeffrey M. Schwartz and Sharon Begley,
The Mind and the Brain: Neuroplasticity and the Power of Mental Force
(New York: HarperCollins, 2002), 262-64.

CHAPTER
9: CULTURE

1
Geoff Cohen and Greg Walton
Daniel Coyle,
The Talent Code: Greatness Isn’t Born. It’s Grown. Here’s How
. (New York: Bantam Books, 2009), 110-11.

2
The sense of identity
Coyle, 102-104.

3
top performers devote five
David Dobbs, “How to Be a Genius,”
New Scientist
, September 15, 2008,
http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19125691.300-how-to-be-a-genius.html
.

4
John Hayes of Carnegie Mellon
Geoff Colvin,
Talent Is Overrated: What Really Separates World-Class Performers from Everybody Else
(New York: Portfolio, 2008), 152.

5
If somebody nearby can hear
Coyle, 85.

6
At the Spartak Tennis Club
Coyle, 82.

7
Benjamin Franklin taught himself
Colvin, 106.

8
“Which
CEO
Characteristics”
Steven N. Kaplan, Mark M. Klebanov, and Morten Sorensen, “Which
CEO
Characteristics and Abilities Matter?” Swedish Institute for Financial Research Conference on the Economics of the Private Equity Market, July 2008, faculty.chicagobooth.edu/steven.kaplan/research/kks.pdf.

9
Good to Great
Jim Collins,
Good to Great: Why Some Companies Make the Leap ... and Others Don’t
(New York: HarperCollins, 2001).

10
Murray Barrick, Michael Mount, and Timothy Judge
Murray R. Barrick, Michael K. Mount, and Timothy A. Judge, “Personality and Performance at the Beginning of the New Millennium: What Do We Know and Where Do We Go Next?”
International Journal of Selection and Assessment
9, nos. 1-2 (March/June 2001): 9-30,
http://www.uni-graz.at/psy5www/lehre/kaernbach/doko/artikel/bergner_Barrick_Mount_Judge_2001.pdf
.

11
Ulrike Malmendier and Geoffrey Tate
Ulrike Malmendier and Geoffrey Tate, “Superstar CEOs,”
Quarterly Journal of Economics
, 124, no. 4 (November 2009): 1593-1638,
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.146.1059&rep=rep1&type=pdf
.

12
When people around the world
Tyler Cowen, “In which countries do kids respect their parents the most?”
Marginal Revolution
, December 5, 2007,
http://www.marginalrevolution.com/marginalrevolution/2007/12/in-which-countr.html
.

13
“A man has as many social”
Judith Rich Harris,
The Nurture Assumption: Why Children Turn Out the Way They Do
(New York: Touchstone, 1998), 56.

14
By the third generation
David Brooks, “The Americano Dream,”
New York Times
, February 24, 2004,
http://www.nytimes.com/2004/02/24/opinion/the-americano-dream.html?ref=davidbrooks
.

15
The core lesson
Richard Nisbett,
The Geography of Thought: How Asians and Westerners Think Differently ... and Why
(New York: Free Press, 2003), 90.

16
“Thus, to the Asian”
Nisbett, 100.

17
Korean parents emphasize
Alison Gopnik, Andrew N. Meltzoff, and Patricia Kuhl,
The Scientist in the Crib: What Early Learning Tells Us About the Mind
(New York: Perennial, 2001), 89.

18
Asked to describe video
Nisbett, 95.

19
Chinese students are more
Nisbett, 140.

20
American six-year-olds make
Nisbett, 87-88.