The Theory and Practice of Group Psychotherapy (127 page)

37
I. Yalom et al., “Predictions of Improvement in Group Therapy: An Exploratory Study,”
Archives of General Psychiatry
17 (1967): 159–68.

38
S. Hurley, “Self-Disclosure in Small Counseling Groups,” Ph.D. diss., Michigan State University, 1967.

39
M. Worthy, A. Gary, and G. Kahn, “Self-Disclosure as an Exchange Process,”
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
13 (1969): 59–63.

40
S. Bloch and E. Crouch,
Therapeutic Factors in Group Psychotherapy
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1985). S. Bloch and E. Crouch, “Therapeutic Factors: Intrapersonal and Interpersonal Mechanisms,” in
Handbook of Group Psychotherapy,
ed. A. Fuhriman and G. Burlingame (New York: Wiley, 1994): 269–318. W. Query, “Self-Disclosure as a Variable in Group Psychotherapy,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
14 (1964): 107–15. D. Johnson and L. Ridener, “Self-Disclosure, Participation, and Perceived Cohesiveness in Small Group Interaction,”
Psychological Reports
35 (1974): 361–63.

41
P. Cozby, “Self-Disclosure, Reciprocity, and Liking,”
Sociometry
35 (1972): 151–60.

42
N. Brown, “Conceptualizing Process,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
53 (2003): 225–44.

43
C. Truax and R. Carkhuff, “Client and Therapist Transparency in the Psychotherapeutic Encounter,”
Journal of Consulting Psychology
12 (1965): 3–9.

44
H. Peres, “An Investigation of Non-Directive Group Therapy,”
Journal of Consulting Psychology
11 (1947): 159–72.

45
M. Lieberman, I. Yalom, and M. Miles,
Encounter Groups: First Facts
(New York: Basic Books, 1973).

46
S. Wiser and M. Goldfried, “Therapist Interventions and Client Emotional Experiencing in Expert Psychodynamic–Interpersonal and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies,”
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
66 (1998): 634–40. J. Ablon and E. Jones, “Psychotherapy Process in the National Institute of Mental Health Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program,”
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
67 (1999): 64–75. B. Cohen and V. Schermer, “Therapist Self-Disclosure.”

47
R. Slavin, “The Significance of Here-and-Now Disclosure in Promoting Cohesion in Group Psychotherapy,”
Group
17 (1993): 143–50.

48
S. Mitchell,
Hope and Dread in Psychoanalysis
(New York: Basic Books, 1993).

49
D. Medeiros and A. Richards, “Sharing Secrets: Where Psychotherapy and Education Meet,” in
Studies in Humanistic Psychology
, ed. C. Aanstoos (Carollton: West Georgia College Studies in the Social Sciences, vol. 29, 1991).

50
L. Vosen, “The Relationship Between Self-Disclosure and Self-Esteem,” Ph.D. diss., University of California at Los Angeles, 1966, cited in Culbert,
Interpersonal Process of Self-Disclosure: It Takes Two to See One
(Washington, D.C.: NTL Institute for Applied Behavioral Science, 1967).

51
Culbert,
Interpersonal Process
.

52
J. Sternbach, “Self-Disclosure with All-Male Groups,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
53 (2003): 61–81. S. Bergman,
Men’s Psychological Development: A Relational Perspective
(Wellesley, Mass.: The Stone Center, 1991).

53
E. Goffman,
The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life
(Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1959). S. Jourard and P. Lasakow, “Some Factors in Self-Disclosure,”
Journal of Abnormal Social Psychology
56 (1950): 91–98.

54
D. Strassberg and his colleagues studied eighteen patients with chronic schizophrenic for ten weeks in inpatient group therapy and concluded that high self-disclosing patients made less therapeutic progress than their counterparts who revealed less personal material (D. Strassberg et al., “Self-Disclosure in Group Therapy with Schizophrenics,”
Archives of General Psychiatry
32 [1975]: 1259–61.)

55
A. Maslow, unpublished mimeographed material, 1962.

56
I. Yalom, See
The Schopenhauer Cure,
pp. 237ff.

57
N. Fieldsteel, “The Process of Termination in Long-term Psychoanalytic Group Therapy,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
46 (1996): 25–39. R. Klein, “Introduction to Special Section on Termination and Group Therapy,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
46 (1996): 1–4.

58
J. Pedder, “Termination Reconsidered,”
International Journal of Psychoanalysis
69 (1988): 495–505.

59
I. Yalom,
Existential Psychotherapy
(New York: Basic Books, 1980).

60
M. Seligman, “The Effectiveness of Psychotherapy: The Consumer Reports Study,”
American Psychologist
50 (1995): 965–74.

61
S. Kopta, K. Howard, J. Lowry, and L. Beutler, “Patterns of Symptomatic Recovery in Time-Unlimited Psychotherapy,”
Journal of Clinical and Consulting Psychology
62 (1994): 1009–16. S. Kadera, M. Lambert, A. Andrews, “How Much Therapy Is Really Enough: A Session-by-Session Analysis of the Psychotherapy Dose-Effect Relationship,”
Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research
5 (1996): 132–51.

62
S. Freud,
Analysis Terminable and Interminable
, in S. Freud,
Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud,
vol. 23 (London: Hogarth Press, 1968), 211–53.

63
Pedder, “Termination Reconsidered.” B. Grenyer and L. Luborsky, “Dynamic Change in Psychotherapy: Mastery of Interpersonal Conflicts,”
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
64 (1996): 411–16.

64
V. Schermer and R. Klein, “Termination in Group Psychotherapy from the Perspectives of Contemporary Object Relations Theory and Self Psychology,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
46 (1996): 99–115.

65
Scott Rutan, personal communication, 1983.

66
Leszcz, “Group Psychotherapy of the Characterologically Difficult Patient.” M. Leszcz, “Group Psychotherapy of the Borderline Patient,” in
Handbook of Borderline Disorders,
ed. D. Silver and M. Rosenbluth (Madison, Conn.: International Universities Press, 1992), 435–69.

67
J. Rutan and W. Stone, “Termination in Group Psychotherapy,” in
Psychodynamic Group Therapy
(New York: Guilford Press, 1993): 239–54. E. Shapiro and R. Ginzberg, “Parting Gifts: Termination Rituals in Group Psychotherapy,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
52 (2002): 317–36.

68
D. Nathanson, “The Nature of Therapeutic Impasse.”

69
K. Long, L. Pendleton, and B. Winters, “Effects of Therapist Termination on Group Process,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
38 (1988): 211–22.

70
E. Counselman and R. Weber, “Changing the Guard: New Leadership for an Established Group,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
52 (2002): 373–86.

CHAPTER 13

1
F. Wright, “Discussion of Difficult Patients,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
48 (1998): 339–48. J. Gans and A. Alonso, “Difficult Patients: Their Construction in Group Therapy,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
48 (1998): 311–26. P. Cohen, “The Practice of Modern Group Psychotherapy: Working with Post Trauma in the Present,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
51 (2001): 489–503.

2
R. Dies, “Models of Group Psychotherapy: Shifting Through Confusion,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
42 (1992): 1–17.

3
S. Scheidlinger, “Group Dynamics and Group Psychotherapy Revisited Four Decades Later,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
47 (1997): 141–59.

4
I. Yalom and P. Houts, unpublished data, 1965.

5
L. Ormont, “Cultivating the Observing Ego in the Group Setting,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
45 (1995): 489–502. L. Ormont, “Meeting Maturational Needs in the Group Setting,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
51 (2001): 343–59.

6
M. Lieberman, I. Yalom, and M. Miles,
Encounter Groups: First Facts
(New York: Basic Books, 1973).

7
D. Lundgren and D. Miller, “Identity and Behavioral Changes in Training Groups,”
Human Relations Training News
(spring 1965).

8
R. Coyne and R. Silver, “Direct, Vicarious, and Vicarious-Process Experiences,”
Small Group Behavior
11 (1980): 419–29. R. Rosner, L. Beutler, and R. Daldrup, “Vicarious Emotional Experience and Emotional Expression in Group Psychotherapy,”
Journal of Counseling Psychology
56 (2000): 1–10.

9
V. Tschuschke and R. Dies, “Intensive Analysis of Therapeutic Factors and Outcome in Long-Term Inpatient Groups,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
(1994): 185–208. V. Tschuschke, K. MacKenzie, B. Haaser, and G. Janke, “Self-Disclosure, Feedback, and Outcome in Long-Term Inpatient Psychotherapy Groups,”
Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research
5 (1996): 35–44.

10
J. Gans and E. Counselman, “Silence in Group Psychotherapy: A Powerful Communication,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
50 (2000): 71–86. J. Rutan, “Growth Through Shame and Humiliation,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
50 (2000): 511–16.

11
L. Ormont, “The Craft of Bridging,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
40 (1990): 3–17.

12
M. Leszcz and J. Malat, “The Interpersonal Model of Group Psychotherapy,” in
Praxis der Gruppenpsychotherapie,
ed. V. Tschuschke (Frankfurt: Thieme, 2001), 355–69. S. Cohen, “Working with Resistance to Experiencing and Expressing Emotions in Group Therapy,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
47 (1997): 443–58.

13
M. McCallum, W. Piper, J. Ogrodniczuk, and A. Joyce, “Relationships Among Psychological Mindedness, Alexithymia and Outcome in Four Forms of Short-Term Psychotherapy,”
Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice
76 (2003): 133–44. G. Taylor, R. Bagby, D. Ryan, J. Parker, K. Dooday, and P. Keefe, “Criterion Validity of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale,”
Psychosomatic Medicine
50 (1988): 500–09.

14
H. Swiller, “Alexithymia: Treatment Utilizing Combined Individual and Group Psychotherapy,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
38 (1988): 47–61. M. Beresnevaite, “Exploring the Benefits of Group Psychotherapy in Reducing Alexithymia in Coronary Heart Disease Patients: A Preliminary Study,”
Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics
69 (2000): 117–22.

15
P. Sifneos, “The Prevalence of ‘Alexithymic’ Characteristics in Psychosomatic Patients,”
Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics
22 (1973): 255–62.

16
Beresnevaite, “Exploring the Benefits of Group Psychotherapy.” The researchers in this study employed a sixteen-session integrative model of group therapy, combining the active identification of subjective feelings, role play, empathy exercises, and stress reduction in the treatment of patients with heart disease. The groups produced significant reductions in alexithymia ratings and improvements in cardiac functioning that were sustained over a two-year period.

17
W. Shields, “Hope and the Inclination to Be Troublesome: Winnicott and the Treatment of Character Disorder in Group Therapy,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
50 (2000): 87–103.

18
J. Kirman, “Working with Anger in Group: A Modern Analytic Approach,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
45 (1995): 303–29. D. Kiesler, “Therapist Countertransference: In Search of Common Themes and Empirical Referents,”
In Session: Psychotherapy in Practice
57 (2001): 1053–63. G. Gabbard, “A Contemporary Psychoanalytic Model of Countertransference,”
In Session: Psychotherapy in Practice
57 (2001): 983–91. J. Hayes, “Countertransference in Group Psychotherapy: Waking a Sleeping Dog,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
45 (1995): 521–35.

19
J. Frank et al., “Behavioral Patterns in Early Meetings of Therapeutic Groups,”
American Journal of Psychiatry
108 (1952): 771–78.

20
E. Shapiro, “Dealing with Masochistic Behavior in Group Therapy from the Perspective of the Self,”
Group
25 (2002): 107–20. R. Maunder and J. Hunter, “An Integrated Approach to the Formulation and Psychotherapy of Medically Unexplained Symptoms: Meaning- and Attachment-Based Intervention,”
American Journal of Psychotherapy
58 (2004): 17–33. M. Berger and M. Rosenbaum, “Notes on Help-Rejecting Complainers,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
17 (1967): 357–70. S. Brody, “Syndrome of the Treatment-Rejecting Patient,”
Psychoanalytic Review
51 (1964): 75–84. C. Peters and H. Grunebaum, “It Could Be Worse: Effective Group Psychotherapy with the Help-Rejecting Complainers,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
27 (1977): 471–80.

21
Maunder and Hunter, “An Integrated Approach.”

22
E. Shapiro, “Dealing with Masochistic Behavior in Group Therapy from the Perspective of the Self,”
Group
25 (2002): 107–20. Maunder and Hunter, “An Integrated Approach.” S. Foreman, “The Significance of Turning Passive into Active in Control Mastery: Theory,”
Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research
5 (1996): 106–21. Both self psychological and attachment paradigms converge here. From an attachment perspective, the client relates in a preoccupied and insecure attachment pattern. The preoccupation with the caregiver is rooted in the wish to connect. Complaining is intended to create closeness by pulling the caregiver near. Simultaneously the client’s past experience of inconsistent, unreliable caregiving fuels his vigilance for any evidence that he will be eventually abandoned. Accepting help and being sated fuels the dread of this very abandonment.