The Tragedy of Liberation: A History of the Chinese Revolution 1945-1957 (49 page)

12
    
‘The Short March’,
Time
, 17 Dec. 1945.

13
    
Yang Kuisong,
Mao Zedong yu Mosike de enen yuanyuan
(Mao and Moscow), Nanchang: Jiangxi renmin chubanshe, 1999, ch. 8; Yang Kuisong,
‘Zhongjian didai’ de geming: Guoji da beijing xia kan Zhonggong chenggong zhi dao
, Taiyuan: Shanxi renmin chubanshe, 2010, p. 474; essential on the relationship between Mao and Stalin is Dieter Heinzig,
The Soviet Union and Communist China 1945–1950: The Arduous Road to the Alliance
, Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 2004.

14
    
Taylor,
The Generalissimo
, pp. 323–4.

15
    
James M. McHugh, letter to his wife dated 30 June 1946, Cornell University Library, Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, quoted in Hannah Pakula,
The Last Empress: Madame Chiang Kai-shek and the Birth of Modern China
, New York: Simon & Schuster, 2009,p. 530; ‘Wounds’,
Time
, 18 March 1946; William Gray, ‘Looted City’,
Time
, 11 March 1946; Taylor,
The Generalissimo
, p. 327; see also ‘Soviet Removals of Machinery’, 8 July 1947, US Central Intelligence Agency Report, CIA-RDP82-00457D00070010002-5, National Archives at Park College.

16
    
Zhang Baijia, ‘Zhou Enlai and the Marshall Mission’, in Larry I. Bland (ed.),
George C. Marshall’s Mediation Mission to China, December 1945–January 1947
, Lexington, VA: George C. Marshall Foundation, 1998, pp. 213–14; Simei Qing, ‘American Visions of Democracy and the Marshall Mission to China’, in Hongshan Li and Zhaohui Hong (eds),
Image, Perception, and the Making of U.S.–China Relations
, Lanham, MA: University Press of America, 1998, p. 283; Taylor,
The Generalissimo
,p. 346.

17
    
Zhang,
Xuebai xuehong
, pp. 170–1; Marshall to Truman,
Foreign Relations of the United States
, 1946, vol. 9, p. 510, quoted in Chang Jung and Jon Halliday,
Mao: The Unknown Story
, London: Jonathan Cape, 2005,p. 295.

18
    
Chang and Halliday,
Mao
, p. 297; Sheng,
Battling Western Imperialism
, p. 156; Steven I. Levine,
Anvil of Victory: The Communist Revolution in Manchuria, 1945–1948
, New York: Columbia University Press, 1987,p. 178.

19
    
Taylor,
The Generalissimo
, p. 358; Freda Utley,
The China Story
, Chicago: H. Regnery, 1951, ch. 2.

20
    
Suzanne Pepper,
Civil War in China: The Political Struggle, 1945–1949
, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978, pp. 242–3.

21
    
Carsun Chang,
The Third Force in China
, New York: Bookman Associates, 1952, p. 172.

22
    
Associated Press Report, 24 July 1947, quoted in Michael Lynch,
Mao
, London: Routledge, 2004, p. 141; ‘Report on China’,
Time
, 13 Oct. 1947.

23
    
Utley,
The China Story
, ch. 2.

24
    
Taylor,
The Generalissimo
, pp. 378–9.

25
    
‘Worse & Worse’,
Time
, 26 Jan. 1948.

26
    
‘Sick Cities’,
Time
, 21 June 1948.

27
    
‘Next: The Mop-Up’,
Time
, 23 Feb. 1948; ‘Rout’,
Time
, 8 Nov. 1948; Henry R. Lieberman, ‘300,000 Starving in Mukden’s Siege’,
New York Times
, 2 July 1948; Seymour Topping,
Journey between Two Chinas
, New York: Harper & Row, 1972, p. 312.

28
    
Frederick Gruin, ‘30,000,000 Uprooted Ones’,
Time
, 26 July 1948.

29
    
Taylor,
The Generalissimo
, pp. 385–9.

30
    
Doak Barnett, letter no. 25, ‘Communist Siege at Peiping’, 1 Feb. 1949, Institute of Current World Affairs; ‘One-Way Street’,
Time
, 27 Dec. 1948.

31
    
Taylor,
The Generalissimo
, p. 396; Chang and Halliday,
Mao
, pp. 308–9.

32
    
Derk Bodde,
Peking Diary: A Year of Revolution
, New York: Henry Schuman, 1950, pp. 100–1; Doak Barnett, letter no. 25, ‘Communist Siege at Peiping’, 1 Feb. 1949, Institute of Current World Affairs; ‘Defeat’,
Time
,7 Feb. 1949; Jia Ke interviewed by Jane Macartney in ‘How We Took Mao Zedong to the Gate of Heavenly Peace, by Jia Ke, 91’,
The Times
, 12 Sept. 2009.

33
    
Sun Youli and Dan Ling,
Engineering Communist China: One Man’s Story
, New York: Algora Publishing, 2003, pp. 10–11.

34
    
Arne Odd Westad,
Decisive Encounters: The Chinese Civil War, 1946–1950
, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003, p. 259; Bo Yibo,
Ruogan zhongda shijian yu juece de huigu
(Recollections of several important decisions and events), Beijing: Zhonggong zongyang dangxiao chubanshe, 1997, vol. 1, pp. 160–1.

35
    
‘To Defend the Yangtze’,
Time
, 20 Dec. 1948; Roy Rowan,
Chasing the Dragon: A Veteran Journalist’s Firsthand Account of the 1946–9 Chinese Revolution
, Guilford, CT: Lyons Press, 2004, p. 146.

36
    
Frederick Gruin, ‘Eighteen Levels Down’, 
Time
, 20 Dec. 1948; Su Yu,
Su Yu junshi wenji
(Collected military writings by Su Yu), Beijing: Jiefangjun chubanshe, 1989, p. 455, quoted in Luo Pinghan,
Dangshi xijie
(Details in the history of the Communist Party), Beijing: Renmin chubanshe, 2011, p. 150; ‘Or Cut Bait’,
Time
, 29 Nov. 1948.

37
    
Long Yingtai,
Da jiang da hai 1949
(Big river, big sea: Untold stories of 1949), Hong Kong: Tiandi tushu youxian gongsi, 2009, p. 221.

38
    
Topping,
Journey between Two Chinas
, p. 29.

39
    
Ibid., p. 43.

40
    
‘Sunset’,
Time
, 31 Jan. 1949.

41
    
‘Shore Battery’,
Time
, 2 May 1949; Rowan,
Chasing the Dragon
,pp. 195–6.

42
    
Topping,
Journey between Two Chinas
, pp. 64–7; Robert Doyle, ‘Naked City’,
Time
, 2 May 1949.

43
    
Topping,
Journey between Two Chinas
, pp. 64–7.

44
    
Ibid., p. 73; Robert Doyle, ‘Naked City’,
Time
, 2 May 1949; Jonathan Fenby,
Modern China: The Fall and Rise of a Great Power, 1850 to the Present
, New York: Ecco, 2008, p. 346.

45
    
‘Swift Disaster’,
Time
, 2 May 1949; Rowan,
Chasing the Dragon
, p. 201.

46
    
‘The Weary Wait’,
Time
, 23 May 1949; Rowan,
Chasing the Dragon
, pp. 198–9; Jack Birns,
Assignment Shanghai: Photographs on the Eve of Revolution
, Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003.

47
    
‘Will They Hurt Us’,
Time
, 16 May 1949.

48
    
Mariano Ezpeleta,
Red Shadows over Shanghai
, Quezon City: Zita, 1972, p. 185.

49
    
Christopher Howe,
Shanghai: Revolution and Development in an Asian Metropolis
, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981, p. 43.

50
    
Feng Bingxing interviewed by the Shanghai Daily, ‘Shanghai Celebrates its 60th year of Liberation’,
Shanghai Daily
, 28 May 2009.

51
    
‘The Communists Have Come’,
Time
, 6 June 1949; Rowan,
Chasing the Dragon
, pp. 198–9.

52
    
Dwight Martin, ‘Exile in Canton’,
Time
, 17 April 1949.

53
    
‘Next: Chungking’,
Time
, 24 Oct. 1949.

54
    
Doak Barnett, letter no. 17, ‘Sinkiang Province’, 9 Sept. 1948, Institute of Current World Affairs.

55
    
Doak Barnett, letter no. 21, ‘Kansu, Sinkiang, Chinghai, Ninghsia’,15 Oct. 1948, Institute of Current World Affairs.

56
    
Doak Barnett, letter no. 20, ‘Kansu, Province, Northwest China’, 8 Oct. 1948, Institute of Current World Affairs.

57
    
On the history of Xinjiang, see Andrew D. W. Forbes, 
Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: A Political History of Republican Sinkiang, 1911–1949
, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986; see also the memoirs of Sheng Shicai in Allen S. Whiting and General Sheng Shih-tsai,
Sinkiang: Pawn or Pivot?
, East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press, 1958; letter from Peng Dehuai to Mao Zedong, 29 Dec. 1949, RGASPI, 82-2-1241, pp. 194–7; Trade Agreement with Peng Dehuai for Xinjiang, 5 Jan. 1950, RGASPI, 82-2-1242, pp. 20–39; on Russian troops in December 1949 see O. C. Ellis, Report from Tihwa, 15 Nov. 1950, PRO, FO371-92207, p. 7; on the communist conquest and subsequent rule of Xinjiang, one should also read James Z. Gao, ‘The Call of the Oases: The “Peaceful Liberation” of Xinjiang, 1949–53’, in Jeremy Brown and Paul G. Pickowicz (eds),
Dilemmas of Victory: The Early Years of the People’s Republic of China
, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008, pp. 184–204.

58
    
On Tibet see Tsering Shakya, 
The Dragon in the Land of Snows
, New York: Columbia University Press, 1999; see also Chen Jian, ‘The Chinese Communist “Liberation” of Tibet, 1949–51’, in Brown and Pickowicz,
Dilemmas of Victory
, pp. 130–59.

59
    
The formulation is taken from Christian Tyler,
Wild West China: The Taming of Xinjiang
, London: John Murray, 2003, p. 131.

3: Liberation

1
      
Kang Zhengguo,
Confessions: An Innocent Life in Communist China
, New York: Norton, 2007, p. 5. On the rice-sprout song, see Hung Chang-tai, ‘The Dance of Revolution:
Yangge
in Beijing in the Early 1950s’,
China Quarterly
, no. 181 (2005), pp. 82–99; David Holm, ‘Folk Art as Propaganda: The
Yangge
Movement in Yan’an’, in Bonnie S. McDougall (ed.),
Popular Chinese Literature and Performing Arts in the People’s Republic of China, 1949–1979
, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984,pp. 3–35.

2
      
‘Reds in Shanghai Show off Might’,
New York Times
, 8 July 1949; Ezpeleta,
Red Shadows over Shanghai
, p. 191; Robert Guillain, ‘China under the Red Flag’, in Otto B. Van der Sprenkel, Robert Guillain and Michael Lindsay (eds),
New China: Three Views
, London: Turnstile Press, 1950, p. 101.

3
      
Wu Hung,
Remaking Beijing:
Tiananmen Square and the Creation of a Political Space
, London: Reaktion Books, 2005.

4
      
Sun and Dan,
Engineering Communist China
, p. 12.

5
      
Li Zhisui,
The Private Life of Chairman Mao: The Memoirs of Mao’s Personal Physician
, New York: Random House, 1994, pp. 51–2.

6
      
Bodde,
Peking Diary
, pp. 13–14; Sun and Dan,
Engineering Communist China
, pp. 11–12; a video clip of the 1949 parade in Beijing appears in the digital version of Sang Ye and Geremie R. Barmé, ‘Thirteen National Days, a Retrospective’,
China Heritage Quarterly
, no. 17, March 2009.