The Tragedy of Liberation: A History of the Chinese Revolution 1945-1957 (50 page)

7
      
Sun and Dan,
Engineering Communist China
, pp. 7–13.

8
      
Li,
The Private Life of Chairman Mao
, pp. 37–41.

9
      
Frances Wong,
China Bound and Unbound. History in the Making: An Early Returnee’s Account
, Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2009, pp. 47–50.

10
    
Edvard Hambro, ‘Chinese Refugees in Hong Kong’,
Phylon Quarterly
, 18, no. 1 (1957), p. 79; see also Glen D. Peterson, ‘To Be or Not to Be a Refugee: The International Politics of the Hong Kong Refugee Crisis, 1949–55’,
Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History
, 36, no. 2 (June 2008),pp. 171–95.

11
    
The story, with many others, is told by Ying Meijun’s daughter, Long Yingtai, in
Da jiang da hai
; see also Glen D. Peterson, ‘House Divided: Transnational Families in the Early Years of the People’s Republic of China’,
Asian Studies Review
, no. 31 (March 2007), pp. 25–40; Mahlon Meyer,
Remembering China from Taiwan: Divided Families and Bittersweet Reunions after the Chinese Civil War
, Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2012.

12
    
Kang,
Confessions
, pp. 6–7.

13
    
Frederic Wakeman, ‘‘‘Cleanup”: The New Order in Shanghai’, in Brown and Pickowicz,
Dilemmas of Victory
, pp. 37–8.

14
    
Guillain, ‘China under the Red Flag’, pp. 85–6.

15
    
Wakeman, ‘‘‘Cleanup”’, pp. 42–4.

16
    
Ji Fengyuan,
Linguistic Engineering: Language and Politics in Mao’s China
, Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 2004, p. 68; James L. Watson,
Class and Social Stratification in Post-Revolution China
, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984, p. 143.

17
    
Ezpeleta,
Red Shadows over Shanghai
, p. 198; p. 41; Paolo A. Rossi,
The Communist Conquest of Shanghai: A Warning to the West
, Arlington, VA: Twin Circle, 1970, p. 41.

18
    
Otto B. Van der Sprenkel, ‘Part I’, in Van der Sprenkel, Guillain and Lindsay (eds),
New China: Three Views
, p. 9.

19
    
Ezpeleta,
Red Shadows over Shanghai
, p. 191.

20
    
Shanghai, 1951, B1-2-1339, pp. 9-14; Statistics on counter-revolutionaries, 1962, Hebei, 884-1-223, p. 149.

21
    
Guillain, ‘China under the Red Flag’, pp. 91–2.

22
    
Report on attitudes towards the goverment among ordinary people, 5 July 1950, Nanjing, 4003-1-20, p. 143.

23
    
Bodde,
Peking Diary
, p. 67; Beijing, July 1949, 2-1-55, p. 2; Beijing, Dec. 1949, 2-1-125, p. 3; Beijing, 30 Dec. 1949, 2-1-55, pp. 43–55.

24
    
Report from the social services quoted, with slight stylistic changes, in Aminda M. Smith, ‘Reeducating the People: The Chinese Communists and the “Thought Reform” of Beggars, Prostitutes, and other “Parasites” ’, doctoral dissertation, Princeton University, 2006, pp. 150 and 158.

25
    
Report on the Branch Reformatory of the Western Suburbs, 24 Oct. 1952, Beijing, 1-6-611, pp. 13–16.

26
    
Wakeman, ‘‘‘Cleanup”’, p. 47; Frank Dikötter,
Crime, Punishment and the Prison in Modern China
, New York: Columbia University Press, 2002, pp. 365–6.

27
    
Frank Dikötter,
Exotic Commodities: Modern Objects and Everyday Life in China
, New York: Columbia University Press, 2006, pp. 51–2.

28
    
Van der Sprenkel, ‘Part I’, pp. 17–18.

29
    
Beijing, 30 Dec. 1949, 2-1-55, p. 45; Smith, ‘Reeducating the People’, pp. 99 and 108.

30
    
The list is in Shanghai, 1950, Q131-4-3925, entire file; the details about the brothels are in Christian Henriot, ‘‘‘La Fermeture”: The Abolition of Prostitution in Shanghai, 1949–1958’,
China Quarterly
, no. 142 (June 1995), pp. 471–80.

31
    
Smith, ‘Reeducating the People’, pp. 122–3 and 165, quoting reports from the Bureau for Civil Affairs in Beijing; Henriot, ‘‘‘La Fermeture”’,p. 476.

32
    
Report on the refugee problem, 27 April 1949, Shanghai, B1-2-280, pp. 43–4.

33
    
Report on attitudes towards the goverment among ordinary people, 5 July 1950, Nanjing, 4003-1-20, p. 143; Nanjing, 30 Aug. 1951, 5012-1-7, pp. 1–3, 26–8, 39–40, 52–5; Nanjing, Nov. 1952, 5012-1-12, pp. 21 and 42.

34
    
Beijing, Dec. 1949, 2-1-125, p. 3; Smith, ‘Reeducating the People’,pp. 151 and 156–7.

35
    
Zhang Lü and Zhu Qiude,
Xibu nüren shiqing: Fu Xinjiang nübing rensheng mingyun gushi koushu shilu
(Oral histories of women soldiers sent to Xinjiang), Beijing: Jiefangjun wenyi chubanshe, 2001, p. 110.

36
    
Newspaper quoted in Richard Gaulton, ‘Political Mobilization in Shanghai, 1949–1951’, in Howe,
Shanghai
, p. 46.

37
    
Shanghai, 12 Sept., 12 Oct. and 18 Nov. 1950, B1-2-280, pp. 98, 117 and 178.

38
    
On workers in Shanghai see Elizabeth J. Perry, ‘Masters of the Country? Shanghai Workers in the Early People’s Republic’, in Brown and Pickowicz,
Dilemmas of Victory
, pp. 59–79.

39
    
An excellent description of the salvage in Tianjin appears in Van der Sprenkel, ‘Part I’, pp. 36–7.

40
    
Guillain, ‘China under the Red Flag’, p. 103.

41
    
Barnett, letter no. 37, ‘Communist Economic Policies and Practices’, 14 Sept. 1949.

42
    
Ezpeleta,
Red Shadows over Shanghai
, p. 204.

43
    
Guillain, ‘China under the Red Flag’, pp. 118–19.

44
    
Ibid., p. 110; Perry, ‘Masters of the Country?’

45
    
Report on tax, 1950, Beijing, 1-9-95, pp. 10, 40 and 63;
Neibu cankao
, 11 May 1950, p. 10; speech by Bo Yibo at the third plenum of the Seventh Central Committee of the CPC, 9 June 1950, Hubei, SZ1-2-15,pp. 13–18.

46
    
Ezpeleta,
Red Shadows over Shanghai
, p. 205.

47
    
Shandong, 18 May 1949, A1-2-7, p. 49;
Neibu cankao
, 11 Sept. 1950, pp. 58–9; on Hangzhou and liberation more generally, one should read James Zheng Gao,
The Communist Takeover of Hangzhou: The Transformation of City and Cadre, 1949–1954
, Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 2004.

48
    
Robert Doyle, ‘The Ideal City’,
Time
, 29 Aug. 1949; Financial Bulletin, 20 April 1950, PRO, FO371-83346, pp. 31–3.

49
    
‘Shanghai Express’,
Time
, 19 June 1950;
Neibu cankao
, 19 May 1950, pp. 48–50;
Neibu cankao
, 1 June 1950, pp. 4–5;
Neibu cankao
, 24 May 1950,p. 73.

50
    
Beijing, Dec. 1949, 1-9-47, p. 3; 10 Dec. 1953, 1-9-265, p. 7; Report on unemployment in Shanghai circulated by the central government, 30 Aug. 1950, Gansu, 91-1-97, p. 3.

51
    
Neibu cankao
, 24 Aug. 1950, pp. 67–9;
Neibu cankao
, 6 June 1950, p. 23;
Neibu cankao
, 10 Aug. 1950, p. 13; Nanjing, Report on Industry, 1951, 5034-1-3, pp. 31–2; Telegram from Chen Yi to Mao Zedong, 10 May 1950, Sichuan, JX1-807, pp. 29–31.

52
    
‘Shanghai Express’,
Time
, 19 June 1950.

53
    
Ezpeleta,
Red Shadows over Shanghai
, p. 209; Randall Gould, ‘Shanghai during the Takeover, 1949’,
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
, no. 277 (Sept. 1951), p. 184; Barnett, letter no. 26, ‘Communist “Administrative Take Over” of Peiping’, 28 Feb. 1949, and letter no. 36, ‘Communist Propaganda Techniques’, 12 Sept. 1949.

54
    
Guillain, ‘China under the Red Flag’, p. 105; Gould, ‘Shanghai during the Takeover, 1949’, p. 184; Barnett, letter no. 26, ‘Communist “Administrative Take Over” of Peiping’, 28 Feb. 1949, and letter no. 36, ‘Communist Propaganda Techniques’, 12 Sept. 1949.

55
    
Esther Y. Cheo,
Black Country Girl in Red China
, London: Hutchinson, 1980, p. 77; Li,
The Private Life of Chairman Mao
, pp. 41 and 44.

4: The Hurricane

1
      
‘Coolies Rule by Terror’,
New York Times
, 11 May 1927; Chang and Halliday,
Mao
, pp. 40–1.

2
      
New York Times
, 15 May 1927; Mao Zedong, ‘Report on an Investigation of the Peasant Movement in Hunan’, March 1927,
Selected Works of Mao Zedong
, Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1965, vol. 1, pp. 23–4.

3
      
Mao, ‘Report on an Investigation of the Peasant Movement in Hunan’, March 1927,
Selected Works of Mao Zedong
, vol. 1, pp. 23-4.

4
      
On Zhou Libo and his novel, see Brian J. DeMare, ‘Turning Bodies and Turning Minds: Land Reform and Chinese Political Culture, 1946–1952’, doctoral dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles, 2007,pp. 64–7; David Der-wei Wang,
The Monster that is History: History, Violence, and Fictional Writing in Twentieth-Century China
,
Berkeley:
University of California Press, 2004, pp. 166–7.

5
      
In Russian the vocabulary was
kulak
for rich peasants,
serednyak
for middle-income peasants,
bedniak
for the poor and
batrak
for labourers. The term for landlord was Mao’s invention, as we see below.

6
      
Some remarkable insights into these conversions come from missionaries, who rarely failed to point out the parallels between Christian and communist doctrines; see for instance Robert W. Greene,
Calvary in China
, New York: Putnam, 1953, pp. 77–9.

7
      
All the quotations are from interviews in the documentary directed by Chen Xiaoqing,
Baofeng zhouyu
(The hurricane), China Memo Films, 2006; on the lack of revolutionary fervour in Manchuria, see Levine,
Anvil of Victory
, p. 199.

8
      
See, among others, Anne Osborne, ‘Property, Taxes, and State Protection of Rights’, in Madeleine Zelin, Jonathan Ocko and Robert Gardella (eds),
Contract and Property in Early Modern China
, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004, pp. 120–58; Li Huaiyin,
Village Governance in North China, 1875–1936
, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1995, pp. 234–49.

9
      
Doak Barnett, letter no. 37, ‘Communist economic policies and practices’, 14 Sept. 1949; Zhang,
Xuebai xuehong
, pp. 433–6.

10
    
DeMare, ‘Turning Bodies and Turning Minds’, pp. 152–3; Philip C. Huang,
The Peasant Economy and Social Change in North China
, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1985, p. 71; S. T. Tung, ‘Land Reform, Red Style’,
Freeman
, 25 Aug. 1952, quoted in Richard J. Walker,
China under Communism: The First Five Years
, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1955, p. 131.

11
    
John L. Buck,
Land Utilization in China
, Nanjing: University of Nanking, 1937; Jack Gray,
Rebellions and Revolutions: China from the 1800s to the 1980s
, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990, p. 160.