The Twilight War: The Secret History of America's Thirty-Year Conflict with Iran (124 page)

Tudeh Party opposes, 67

Kimche, David, 177–78, 179, 180

Kingston, Robert, 54, 58–61, 64, 78, 79, 216, 408

Komer, Robert, 37, 40–41, 46, 47

Kuwait:

assistance to Iraq from, 206

bilateral defense arrangement with U.S., 170, 172

al-Faw Peninsula operation as concern, 166, 172

free fuel offered to U.S., 321, 372

Iran attacks with missiles, 282, 310

and Iran-Contra affair, 193, 200, 204, 382, 386

Iranian agents see support for Iran in, 94

Iranian attacks on oil facilities, 301, 304

and Iranian blockade of Iraq, 167

and Iranian mining campaign, 239–41, 249

on Iranians in Iraq during U.S. invasion, 470

and Iran-Iraq War, 95

Iraqi claims on, 211

Kuwait

Patriot missile deployment, 557

Reagan on military aid for, 164

relations with Soviet Union, 211

requests reflagging tankers as American, 212–16, 227–28, 242, 243, 603n16

requests reflagging tankers as Soviet, 212, 213–14

in tanker war, 160–61, 207, 208, 210–17, 230–31, 233, 261–62

U.S. defenses around oil terminal, 312

Kuwait Airways Flight 422, 382–83

Laingen, Bruce, 26, 27, 28, 29

Lake, Anthony, 390, 392, 405

Lang, Walter Patrick, 104, 227, 359–62, 370, 615n2

Langston, Arthur “Bud,” 335, 348, 350, 351–52

Larijani, Ali, 505, 506, 529, 542

Lebanon:

army shatters along sectarian lines, 150

George W. Bush administration increases support for, 501

car bombing of U.S. embassy in Beirut, 131–32

Iran-Contra affair and hostages held by, 177, 181, 185–86, 188, 193–95, 197–200, 380–88

Iranian involvement in, 122–38, 151–52

Israel’s invasion of 1982, 106–21, 123, 124

kidnapping and hostage-taking in, 153–58

See also
U.S. marines in Lebanon

Ledeen, Michael, 177, 179, 183, 184, 448–51, 534

Less, Anthony:

and Carlucci’s new policy toward Iran, 324, 325

and Lyons’s Window of Opportunity plan, 270

and
Roberts
mining, 331, 334, 335, 337, 344, 348, 354–57, 614n54

and shooting down Iran Air Flight 655, 363–65

and surveillance over the Persian Gulf, 326

takes command in Persian Gulf, 319, 320, 610n6

Libya:

Gaddafi, 148, 241, 247, 255, 385

mines provided to Iran by, 238

in Red Sea mining, 235–36

terrorism sponsored by, 426, 427

Long, Wayne, 287, 288–89

Lugo, Frank, 282, 291, 307, 309, 606n17, 607n41

Lustig, Scott, 366–67, 368, 369

Luti, William, 430

in Dobbins delegation, 434, 435

on establishing U.S. consulate in Tehran, 503

and Free Iraqi Forces, 448, 502

and Ghorbanifar plan, 450

on Iranian weapons for Palestinians, 436

moves to White House, 487

and new Iran strategy for Bush’s second term, 492

on overthrowing Saddam Hussein as having positive effect on Iran, 475

on regime change in Iran, 453, 454

on Rice’s policy toward Iran, 444

on U.S. invasion of Iran, 452

Lyons, James “Ace”:

accusations of misuse of aircraft, 272–73

attempts to provoke fight with Iranians, 267–68

on bombing Lebanon, 142–43

on Crist’s sea-based plan, 290

Crowe’s relationship with, 256–57, 268, 273–74

feud with Crist, 268–70, 271

and Iranian mining campaign, 253, 255

plan to send submarine to Persian Gulf, 271, 272

retirement, 272–74, 603n43

in slipping
Guadalcanal
past Strait of Hormuz, 259–61, 269, 272

Window of Opportunity plan, 30, 257–59, 270–72

McFarlane, Robert “Bud”:

on attack on U.S. embassy annex in Beirut, 152

on attack on U.S. marines in Lebanon, 139–42, 144, 146–50

on CIA kidnapping plan, 157

in Iran-Contra affair, 177–85, 188, 190–94, 198–200, 202, 596n8, 596n21

on Iranian and Syrian forces in Lebanon, 132–33

on military aid for Kuwait, 164

on overthrowing Iranian regime, 70, 71

proposes change in U.S. policy toward Iran, 175–76

resigns as national security adviser, 184

and tanker war, 162–63

on U.S. marines’ mission in Lebanon, 117–20

McMahon, John, 140–41, 142, 144, 185, 187, 595n3

Mahdi Army (Jaysh al-Mahdi), 518–22, 524, 529, 536, 559

al-Maliki, Nouri:

Arab concern about, 528

on Arab-Persian animosity, 467–68

in Dawa Party, 86, 467, 559

and Iranian interference in Iraq, 513, 524, 527, 534, 536

Iranian support for, 559

Manavi, Abdollah (“Captain Nasty”), 209, 324, 336, 337, 342–43, 353–54

Mattis, James, 568, 569, 570

Ministry of Intelligence and Security (MOIS) (Iran):

CIA agents arrested, 374–75, 556

counterintelligence, 81–83

extrajudicial killings of dissidents, 410

in Khobar Towers attack, 403, 409, 412

Newbold selects as target, 418

and U.S. occupation of Iraq, 466–68, 481, 483, 520, 527

Moghaddam, Hassan, 552–53

Mohtashemi, Ali Akbar, 122, 125, 133, 134, 151, 155

Montazeri, Hussein Ali, 91, 183, 198, 200

Mousavi, Mir-Hossein, 182–84, 188, 190, 247, 370, 545–48

Mousavian, Mir-Hossein, 383, 389, 406, 441

al-Mughassil, Ahmed, 401–2, 403, 404

Mugniyah, Imad, 130, 134, 154, 155, 157, 382, 387

Mujahideen-e Khalq (People’s Mujahideen of Iran; MEK), 411, 458–59, 472, 476, 479–80, 563

Murphy, Richard, 170, 171, 205, 206, 411, 456

al-Musawi, Hussein, 127, 129–31, 133, 140, 143, 145–46, 148

Myers, Richard, 442

in briefing Bush on regime change in Iran, 454

and Bush administration Iran policy, 442, 445, 446

on Bush’s “axis of evil,” 441, 442

on Iranian influence in Iraq, 471

on Khobar Towers attack, 443

on overthrowing Saddam Hussein having positive effect on Iran, 453, 455

on plan to kill al-Zarqawi, 438

and September 11, 2001, attacks, 424

Nasrallah, Hassan, 125, 126, 127, 555–56

neocons (neoconservatives):

Abrams and, 492

bad feelings against, 498

on Bush’s freedom agenda, 486

intelligence officials’ mistrust of, 523

Iraq as concern of, 420–21

on overthrowing Saddam Hussein having positive effect on Iran, 453

Newbold, Gregory S., 416, 417–19, 423, 425, 451

Nixon, Richard, 9–10, 20, 35

North, Oliver:

and
Achille Lauro
hijacking, 189

in Iran-Contra affair, 182, 184, 186, 188–91, 195–97, 200, 203, 456, 596n16, 596n21

in Iran-Contra affair hearings, 203, 250

nuclear weapons:

fear of terrorists obtaining, 427

Iraqi nuclear program, 393, 422

Israeli, 490

U.S. plans to use in defense of Persian Gulf oil, 46–47, 583n42

See also
Iranian nuclear program

Oakley, Robert, 100–101, 156, 157, 204, 213

Obama, Barack:

attacks on al-Qaeda, 562

Bush briefs him on Iran, 538–39

and drone flights over Iran, 557

and Iranian nuclear program, 539, 541, 543, 544, 548–50, 567, 569–70

and Iranian protests of 2009, 546–48

Iran policy of, 539–44, 561, 572

on missile defense against Iran, 557–58

Odom, William, 61–62, 63, 131–32, 189–90, 199, 201

oil:

Brzezinski on importance of, 11

Bush family connections to industry, 428

Carter on crisis of Middle Eastern, 8–9

Conoco deal with Iran, 399–400, 412

flows through Strait of Hormuz, 1, 569

Iranian attacks on Saudi Arabian, 300–310

Khuzestan fields in Iran, 44, 87

Kuwait reserves, 211

Soviets seen as threat to Middle Eastern, 36, 38, 67, 166, 176

tanker war, 159–64

U.S. military plans against Iran threaten, 30

U.S. plans to defend against Soviet invasion, 44, 45, 46–47, 59–60

U.S. plan to defend Saudi Arabian fields, 38–39, 41, 44–45

Oman, 40, 97, 413, 517

Pace, Peter:

on establishing U.S. consulate in Tehran, 503

on Iranian intervention in U.S. occupied Iraq, 470, 523, 524, 525, 532

on new plan to win in Iraq, 511–12, 513

on overthrowing Saddam Hussein having positive effect on Iran, 453, 455

on taking Mujahideen-e Khalq off terrorist list, 563

in war on terrorism, 426

Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza (shah of Iran):

allowed into U.S. for medical treatment, 27–28

cancer of, 15–16

Carter administration’s support for, 16–18, 20–21

Haig’s support for, 8

Khomeini leads opposition to, 12–15

leaves Iran, 22–23

military ambitions of, 10

stability of regime of, 12

Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO), 107–8, 110–12

Pearson, Jeremiah, 170–72, 595n39

Penzler, Donald, 165, 170, 172, 284–85, 303, 304, 594n18

Perle, Richard, 96–97, 426, 452

Persian Gulf:

air defense system for, 409

George H. W. Bush declares it vital to U.S. national interest, 372

Carter administration creates rapid deployment force for, 33–42

Carter’s policy of freedom of navigation in, 48

Central Command exercises of 1995, 398

Iranian blockade of Iraq, 167–69

Iranian military buildup of 1990s, 398–99

Iranian mine threat in, 233–55

Patriot missile deployment, 557

Reagan policy, 51

Stark
incident, 220–29

tanker war, 159–64

U.S. becomes firmly established in, 321

U.S. bilateral defense arrangements with Gulf countries, 169–72

U.S. broadens protection of vessels, 364

U.S. personnel stationed around, 394, 569

U.S. plans to use nuclear weapons in defense of, 46–47

Zinni on war against Iran spreading throughout, 408

See also
Strait of Hormuz

Persian Gulf Security Framework, 39–40

Petraeus, David, 512, 557, 567

Picco, Giandomenico, 384, 386–88

Poindexter, John:

on attack on U.S. embassy annex in Beirut, 152

on attack on U.S. marines in Lebanon, 141, 142, 148

in Iran-Contra affair, 181–88, 190–93, 195, 197–99, 202, 203, 250

on Iranian blockade of Iraq, 168

resignation, 204

on Saudi Arabia and tanker war, 164

Pollack, Kenneth, 104, 394, 401, 407, 412–13, 415

Powell, Colin, 52–53

and attack on U.S. marines in Lebanon, 147

becomes Carlucci’s deputy, 204

in George W. Bush administration, 416

Powell, Colin

and George W. Bush’s freedom agenda, 486

and CIA aircraft, 313

on Crocker mission, 430

on drawing down U.S. forces in Persian Gulf, 372

on engagement with Iran, 419

Farsi Island seizure opposed, 257

and
Iran Ajr
seizure, 296

in Iran-Contra affair, 186, 188

and Iranian nuclear program, 489

Iran policy, 445, 446, 474, 475, 493–94

Iraq policy, 422

and McFarlane’s proposed change in U.S. policy toward Iran, 175, 176

and Operation Staunch, 205

and al-Qaeda attacks in Saudi Arabia of May 2003, 480

and “road map” document for normalizing relations with Iran, 476, 477, 478, 479

and
Roberts
attack, 336–37, 349

and war on terrorism, 427

Praying Mantis, Operation, 338–57

President Taylor
incident, 167–68, 217

Qomi, Hassan, 484, 534–35

Quds Force:

Abrams on U.S. moving against, 492–93

arms supplied to Hamas by, 395

in Khobar Towers attack, 402, 403, 405

in Newbold plan, 418

in post-Saddam Iraq, 483, 484

quasi-war with U.S., 510, 519–37

Saudi diplomats targeted, 564–66

U.S. demands dismantling of, 470

and U.S. occupation of Iraq, 466–69, 471, 472, 558

in Yemen, 562

Rafsanjani, Ali Akbar Hashemi:

on Bush family and oil industry, 428

on George W. Bush’s “axis of evil,” 441

Conoco oil deal, 399–400

fake call to Bush, 380, 381–82

and Gulf War of 1990–1991, 385–86

and Hezbollah TWA hijacking, 155

improved relations with U.S. sought, 381, 384, 389, 391, 393–94, 399

and Iran-Contra affair, 182–83, 195, 198, 201, 383

on Iranian mining campaign, 241, 247, 265–66

and Iran-Iraq War, 94, 370

on Iran’s inability to stand up to U.S., 356

and seizure of Japanese tankers, 209

and U.S. hostages held in Lebanon, 383, 388

on U.S. as bogged down in Iraq, 484

on U.S. spies in Iran, 375

Rapid Deployment Joint Task Force (RDJTF), 33–44, 53–56, 582n40

Reagan, Ronald:

on attack on U.S. embassy annex in Beirut, 151–52

on attack on U.S. marines in Lebanon, 139–41, 144–48

becomes president, 47–48, 49

broadens protection of vessels in Persian Gulf, 364

counterterrorism team in Lebanon authorized, 156

on covert operations in Iran, 69, 70

defense appointees, 50–54

on establishment of Central Command, 55

failure of Lebanon policy, 153

on including Israel in Central Command, 57

in Iran-Contra affair, 176–81, 184–86, 190, 191, 194, 195, 197, 199–205

and Iranian blockade of Iraq, 168

and Iranian mining campaign, 247, 250

and Iran-Iraq War, 95, 97–100, 178

Iran policy, 51–52, 55

and Israeli invasion of Lebanon, 107–10, 112

managerial style, 421–22

on military aid for Kuwait, 164

Persian Gulf policy, 51

and
Roberts
attack, 336–37, 349

sees Soviet Union as cause of U.S. national security problems, 63–64