The United Nations Security Council and War:The Evolution of Thought and Practice since 1945 (112 page)

This appendix is a chronological list of military operations that have been explicitly authorized by the Security Council, but were not under UN command and control. These operations have generally been authorized under
Chapter VII
of the UN Charter. None of these missions is listed by the UN Secretariat as a peacekeeping operation, but a range of them have operated concurrently with, or were succeeded by, UN peacekeeping operations.

It is difficult to compose a complete list of authorized missions. Certain operations are not included:

• Operations that have been endorsed by the Security Council only after they commenced on the basis of authorization by a regional body (such as the ECOWAS intervention in Liberia in 1990) or a state.

• Operations that the Security Council has only endorsed but not formally authorized, for example through a presidential statement rather than a resolution. One example is the Australian-led deployment of troops and police to Timor Leste in May 2006 (Operation Astute), welcomed by a statement by the President of the Security Council on 25 May 2006, and welcomed by SC Res. 1690 only on 20 June 2006, after the deployment.

• Operations that have been authorized, welcomed, or endorsed by the Security Council, but were not deployed, such as the Multinational Force in Zaire, authorized by SC Res. 1080 of 15 November 1996, or the IGAD peacekeeping mission in Somalia in 2006 (IGASOM), authorized by SC Res. 1725 of 6 December 2006.

• The US-led intervention in Afghanistan, following the attacks on 11 September 2001, which was based on the explicit recognition by the Security Council of the US right to self-defence under Art. 51 of the Charter in SC Res. 1368 of 12 September 2001, but not on any specific authorization by the Council.