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8
. ‘Gotland och Ostbaltikum’, by Lena Thunmark-Nylén, in ibid., pp. 306-22.
9
. ‘The first Scandinavians in northern Rus’, by E. N. Nosov in
Viking Heritage
, 2 (2001: 11).
10
.
The Islamic World, Russia and the Vikings 750-900: the numismatic evidence
, by Thomas S. Noonan (Aldershot 1998: 333).
11
.
The Eastern World of the Vikings. Eight essays about Scandinavia and Eastern Europe in the early Middle Ages
, by E. A. Melnikova (Gothenburg 1996: 33).
12
.
The Russian Primary Chronicle
, trans. and ed. Samuel H. Cross (Cambridge, Mass. 1930: 130).
13
. ‘Rus’, by P. B. Golden, in
The Encyclopedia of Islam. New Edition
, vol. 7, ed. C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, B. Lewis and Ch. Pellat (Leiden 1986: 624).
14
.
The Hoard from Spillings
, ed. Gun Westholm (Gotland 2005: 12-13).
15
.
The Eastern World of the Vikings
, op. cit., p. 40.
16
.
The Russian Primary Chronicle
, op. cit., p. 122.
17
. ‘Saxo Grammaticus on the Balts’, op. cit., p. 75.
18
.
The Russian Primary Chronicle
, op. cit., p. 145.
19
. ‘Rimbert:
Life of Anskar
, the Apostle of the North, 801-865’, trans. Charles H. Robinson, ch. 30. Internet resource at
Medieval Sourcebook
,
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/anskar.html
(accessed 17.02.2004).
20
.
The Russian Primary Chronicle
, op. cit., p. 121.
21
. ibid., p. 123.
22
.
The Emergence of Rus
, op. cit., pp. 53-7.
23
. Photios, quoted in
The Emergence of Rus
, op. cit., p. 51.
24
.
The Russian Primary Chronicle
, op. cit., p. 149.
25
. ibid., p. 150.
26
.
Kievan Russia
, by George Vernadsky (New Haven and London 1976: 22).
27
.
The Russian Primary Chronicle
, op. cit., p. 154.
28
.
Kievan Russia
, op. cit., p. 54.
29
. ibid., pp. 39-40.
30
.
Vikingenes Russland
, by Halvor Tjønn (Stavanger 2006: 47).
31
.
The Emergence of Rus
, op. cit., p. 150.
32
.
Chronicles of the Viking. Records, Memorials and Myths
, by R. I. Page (London 2000: 95).
33
. ibid., p. 96.
34
. ‘Gotländska runinskrifter’, by Thorgunn Snædal Brink and Ingmar Jansson, in
Gutar och vikingar
(Stockholm 1983: 427).
35
. ‘The Antipodes - a little something about two ocean trades that never met, or . . .’, by Malin Lindquist, in
Viking Heritage
, 3 (2002: 16).
36
.
Stones, Ships and Symbols
, op. cit., pp. 90-97.
37
.
Rundata
, G 116.
38
. Public Lecture given at the Länsmuseet in Visby, Gotland, in 2005.
39
.
The Hoard from Spillings
, ed. Gun Westholm (Gotland 2005: 15).
40
.
Kievan Russia
, op. cit., p. 58.
41
.
The Russian Primary Chronicle
, op. cit., p. 180.
42
.
The Emergence of Rus
, op. cit., p. 158.
43
.
The Russian Primary Chronicle
, op. cit., p. 159.
44
.
The Emergence of Rus
, op. cit., p. 142.
45
. ibid., p. 159.
46
. ‘Rus’, op. cit., p. 627.
47
.
The Russian Primary Chronicle
, op. cit., p. 200.
CHAPTER 7 THE DANELAW I: OCCUPATION
1
.
Fact and Fiction in the Legend of St Edmund
, by Dorothy Whitelock, in
Proceedings of the Suffolk Institute of Archaeology
, 31 (1969: 233, note 17).
2
. Book review by Matthew Innes, in
Saga-Book
of the
Viking Society for Northern Research
, vol. XXVI (2002: 126).
3
.
England: An Oxford Archaeological Guide to Sites from Earliest Times to
AD
1600
, by Timothy Darvill, Paul Stamper and Jane Timby (Oxford 2002: 184-5).
4
. ‘Boundaries and cult centres’, by Julian D. Richards, in
Select Papers from the Proceedings of the Thirteenth Viking Congress
(Oxford 2001: 99-100).
5
.
EHD
p. 194.
6
. ibid., p. 277.
7
. ibid., p. 195.
8
. ibid., p. 194.
9
.
The Poetic Edda
, trans. and introduced by Carolyne Larrington (Oxford 1999: 20).
10
.
Alfred the Great: Asser’s Life of King Alfred and other contemporary sources
, trans. and introd. by Simon Keynes and Michael Lapidge (London 1983: 83).
11
. ibid.
12
. ibid., p. 197.
13
. ibid., p. 203.
14
. ibid., p. 85.
15
. ibid., p. 87.
16
.
EHD
p. 199.
17
. ibid., p. 416.
18
. ibid.
19
.
Íslendingabók and Kristni Saga
, trans. Siân Grønlie (London 2006: 3 and 14).
20
.
Norrøne Gude- og Heltesagn
, by P. A. Munch. Revised edition by Anne Holtsmark (Oslo 1981: 266).
21
.
Saxo Grammaticus: The History of the Danes, Books I-IX: I. English Text; II. Commentary
, trans. and annotated by Hilda Ellis Davidson and Peter Fisher (Cambridge 2002: 281 and 292).
22
.
Orkneyinga Saga
, trans. and ed. Hermann Pálsson and Paul Edwards (London 1978: 29-31).
23
. See, for example, the exchanges in the
Saga Book (Notes and Reviews)
of the
Viking Society for Northern Research
, vol. XXII, 1 (1986: 79-82); vol. XXII, 5 (1988: 287-9); vol. XXIII, 2 (1990: 80-83).
24
.
Adam av Bremen
,
Beretningen om Hamburg stift, erkebiskopenes bedrifter og øyrikene i Norden
, trans. and ed. Bjørg Tosterud Danielsen and Anne Katrine Frihagen (Oslo 1993), p. 50 (Book 1, Chapter 37).
25
.
EHD
, p. 192.
26
.
Abbo of Fleury: The Martyrdom of St Edmund, King of East Anglia, 870
, trans. K. Cutler in
Sweet’s Anglo-Saxon Primer
(Oxford 1961: 81-7).
27
. ‘Repton and the “great heathen army”, 873-4’, by Martin Biddle and Birthe Kjølbye-Biddle, in
Select Papers from the Proceedings of the Thirteenth Viking Congress
(Oxford 2001: 83).
28
. ‘Kings and kingship in Viking Northumbria’, by Rory McTurk. Pre-print of conference paper, Thirteenth International Saga Conference, Durham and York, 2006. Internet resource at
http://www.dur.ac.uk/medieval.www/sagaconf/mcturk.htm
(accessed 13.10.2006).
29
. J. de Vries, quoted in
Saxo Grammaticus
, op. cit., pp. 281 and 154.
30
. ‘Vikingerne i Vasconia’, by Anton Erkoreka, in
Vikingerne på Den Iberiske Halvø
(Madrid 2004: 22).
31
. ‘Repton and the “great heathen army”, 873-4’, op. cit., p. 77.
32
. ibid., p. 67.
33
. ‘Boundaries and cult centres’, op. cit., p. 100.
34
. ‘Repton and the “great heathen army”, 873-4’, op. cit., pp. 82-4.
35
.
EHD
, p. 202 (s.a. 893).
36
. ibid., p. 203 (s.a. 893).
37
. ibid., p. 205.
38
. ibid., p. 200.
39
.
Early Medieval History
, by J. M. Wallace-Hadrill (Oxford 1975: 226-7).
40
.
The Vikings: a very short introduction
, by Julian D. Richards (Oxford 2005: 72).
41
. Fitzwilliam Museum, Coins and Medals - The Normans, 5.1. ‘Finds from the Viking Wintercamp at Torksey’. Internet resource at
http://www.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk/gallery/normans/chapters/Normans
-3-5.htm#c51 (accessed 4.11.2007).
42
.
Ottar og Wulfstan. To rejsebeskrivelser fra vikingetiden
, ed. Niels Lund (Roskilde 1983: 20).
43
.
Alfred the Great
, op. cit., p. 103; see also Fulco’s letter to Alfred, ibid., p. 182.
44
.
Vikings: Fear and Faith
, by Paul Cavill (Michigan 2001: 272).
45
. ibid., p. 272.
46
.
Ottar og Wulfstan
, op. cit., p. 14.
CHAPTER 8 THE SETTLEMENT OF ICELAND
1
.
The Book of the Settlements
, in
The Norse Atlantic Saga
, by Gwyn Jones (Oxford 1986: 157).
2
. ibid., p. 159.
3
. ibid., p. 158.
4
.
Historia Norwegie
, ed. Inger Ekrem and Lars Boje Mortensen, trans. Peter Fisher (Copenhagen 2003: 71).
5
.
Viking Age Iceland
, by Jesse Byock (London 2001: 89).
6
.
Íslendingabók and Kristni Saga
, trans. Siân Grønlie (London 2006: xiv-xviii).
7
. ibid., p. 4.
8
.
The Norse Atlantic Saga
, op. cit., p. 35, n. 7.
9
. ibid., p. 33.
10
. See ‘The Papar Project’. Internet resource at
http://www.rcahms.gov.uk/papar/introduction.html
(accessed 4.11.2005).
11
. ‘Cave culture in South Iceland’, by Florian Huber, in
Viking Heritage
, 4 (2001: 8).
12
.
Historia Norwegie
, op. cit., p. 67.
13
.
Íslendingabók and Kristni Saga
, op. cit., p. 17.
14
.
Heimskringla, or The Lives of the Norse Kings
, by Snorri Sturluson, ed. with notes by Erling Monsen, trans. with the assistance of A. H. Smith (New York 1990: 43-77).
15
. ibid., p. 46.
16
. See
Ynglingatal og Ynglingesaga: En studie i Historiske Kilder
, by Claus Krag (Oslo 1991).
17
. See, for example, ‘Storhaugene i Vestold - riss av en forskningshistorie’, by Einar Østmo, in
Gokstadhøvdingen og hans tid
(Sandefjord 1997: 55-7).
18
. ‘Islands forfatning’, by Ólafur Lárusson, in
Rikssamling og kristendom
, ed. Andreas Holmsen and Jarle Simensen (Oslo 1967: 219).
19
.
Heimskringla
, op. cit., p. 46.
20
.
Historia Norwegie
, op. cit., p. 196.
21
.
The Little Ice Age: How climate made history 1300-1850
, by Brian Fagan (New York 2002: 7).
22
.
Vikings: Fear and Faith
, by Paul Cavill (Michigan 2001: 273).
23
.
The Little Ice Age
, op. cit., pp. 8-9.
24
.
Aftenposten Aften
(29 Feb. 2004: 18). Article by Frede Vestergaard.
25
. ‘Climate and history: the Westviking’s saga’, by John and Mary Gribbin, in
New Scientist
(20 Jan. 1990: 52-5).
26
. ‘Utflytterne i Vest’, by Claus Krag, in
Aschehougs Norges Historie v.2
(Oslo 2005: 46).
27
.
The Icelandic Saga
, by Peter Hallberg, trans. with notes and introduction by Paul Schach (Lincoln, Nebraska 1962: 5).
28
.
The Norse Atlantic Saga
, by Gwyn Jones (Oxford 1986: 162).
29
. ibid., p. 163.
30
.
The Saga of King Olaf Trygvasson
, trans. J. Sephton (London 1895: 337).
31
.
The Vikings: a very short introduction
, by Julian D. Richards (Oxford 2005: 100).
32
. ‘Utflytterne i Vest’, op. cit., p. 46.
33
.
mt DNAand the Islandsofthe North Atlantic: Estimating the Proportions of Norse and Gaelic Ancestry
, by Agnar Helgason, Eileen Hickey, Sara Goodacre, Vindar Bosnes, Kári Stefánsson, Ryk Ward and Bryan Sykes, in
American Journal of Human Genetics
, 68 (2001: 723-7).
34
.
The Book of the Settlements
, op. cit., p. 172.
35
.
Viking Age Iceland
, op. cit., p. 84.
36
. ibid., p. 75.
37
.
The Book of the Settlements
, op. cit., p. 165.
38
. Quoted in
A Piece of Horse Liver and the Ratification of the Law
, by Jón Hnefill Adalsteinsson (Reykjavík 1998: 45).
39
. ‘Pingnes by Ellidavatn: The first local assembly in Iceland?’, by Gudmun dur Ólafsson, in
Proceedings of the Tenth Viking Congress
, ed. James E. Knirk (Oslo 1987: 344).
40
.
Íslendingabók and Kristni Saga
, op. cit., p. 4. Teit was Ari’s foster-father and one of his most important sources.
41
. Martina Stein-Wilkeshuis and Stefan Brink, quoted in ‘The communal nature of the judicial systems in early medieval Norway’, by Alexandra Sanmark, in
Collegium Medievale
(Oslo 2006: 32).
42
. The origin of the name is not known.
43
.
The Viking Achievement
, by Peter Foote and David M. Wilson (London 1974: 371).
44
. For a discussion on
Rigsthula
as a historical source see, ‘The Historical worth of Rígsthula’, by Fredric Amory, in
alvíssmál 10
. Online resource at
http://userpage.fu-berlin.de/~alvismal/alvinh.html
.

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