The Watchers (51 page)

Two excellent guides to manuscript and printed sources for the sixteenth century are Peter Beal,
A Dictionary of English Manuscript Terminology 1450–2000
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008) and Ronald B. McKerrow,
An Introduction to Bibliography for Literary Students
, with an introduction by David McKitterick (Winchester: St Paul's Bibliographies, 1994).

Manuscripts are cited by the call numbers in the relevant archive, record office or library. In citing manuscripts or printed books, the following abbreviations are used in the Notes and the Select Bibliography.

Manuscripts preserved in the United Kingdom's National Archives at Kew in London are quoted by the call number there in use. The descriptions of the classes referred to are as follows:

The best guide to dates and calendars is
The Handbook of Dates
, eds. C. R. Cheney and Michael Jones (Cambridge: Royal Historical Society, 2000). The paper corrected by Lord Burghley on John Dee's investigation of the Gregorian calendar and the text of ‘The opinion of some godly learned mathematicians' on whether New Style dating should be adopted in England are both from Bodleian, MS Don. c.52. See also a memorandum by Burghley, BL Lansdowne MS 39 f. 28r–v. Thomas, Lord Paget's letter to his mother, 2/12 Dec 1583, is SP 12/164/5.

Queen Elizabeth's words to parliament on 19 Dec 1601 are from Hartley (1981–95), 281. For descriptions of the ‘Ditchley' portrait (NPG 2561) and the ‘Armada' portrait see Strong (1969), 1:104–7, 111, and Doran (2003), 230–32. On emergency plans for Elizabeth's government see Collinson (1994a), Collinson (1994b) and Alford (1998), 109–17, app. 2. John Florio's definition of a spy and his work are from Florio (1598), 389. The Geneva Bible of 1560 is
STC
2093, where Numbers 13:1–2 can be found on f. 67r–v. ‘God is English' is from [Aylmer] (1559), sig. P4v. On John Foxe and the account of Princess Elizabeth in Mary's reign see Freeman (2003). On the work of the queen's secretary see Robert Beale's paper from 1592, BL Additional MS 48149 ff. 3v–9v, printed in Read (1925), 1:423–43. The reference to ‘The book of secret intelligences', 1590, is from a paper by Sir Francis Walsingham, SP 12/231/56. On code and cipher in the sixteenth century see Richards (1974) and Higenbottam (1975), esp. ch. 10. On couriers and postal systems in Europe see Allen (1972). The best analysis of Beale's papers is, apart from the British Library's catalogue of the Yelverton Manuscripts
(London, 1994), Taviner (2000). On Beale and his career see Basing (1994), Taviner (2000) and Collinson (2011).

The Count of Feria's embassy to Queen Mary's court is from Rodríguez-Salgado and Adams (1984). The Act of Succession of 1544 (35 Henry VIII, c. 1) is printed in full in
Statutes
, 3:955–8. See also Levine (1973) and Ives (2008). Mary's position on the royal succession is discussed by Loades (1989). Princess Elizabeth was at Brocket Hall on 28 Oct 1558, when she wrote to an unknown correspondent as ‘Your very loving friend Elizabeth' (BL Cotton MS Vespasian F.3 f. 27r). On Elizabeth's stay at Brocket Hall see Rodríguez-Salgado and Adams (1984), 338 note 7. Sir William Cecil's papers from the first hours and days of Elizabeth's accession are SP 12/1/2 (17 Nov 1558); SP 12/1/3 (18 Nov 1558); and BL Cotton MS Caligula E.5 f. 56r. Cecil's meeting with Princess Elizabeth at Somerset House in late Feb or early Mar 1558 is discussed by Alford (2008), 80–81. Elizabeth's first royal proclamation (
STC
7887) is printed in Hughes and Larkin (1964–9), 2:99–100. Cecil's draft of the Privy Council oath is SP 12/1/2. Elizabeth's words to Cecil and to her nobility are from SP 12/1/7, printed in Marcus, Mueller and Rose (2000), 51–2. The suggestion of Elizabeth's assassination in Mary's reign is from Gardiner (1975), 33, 35, but should be read in the light of Freeman (2003). Elizabeth's speech on finding ‘treason in trust', 12 Nov 1586, is [Cecil] (1586), 15. See also Hartley (1981–95), 2:248–60. Elizabeth's poems, the first probably from 1554–5 and the second from about 1565, are printed in Marcus, Mueller and Rose (2000), 46, 132.

The Act of Supremacy (1 Elizabeth I, c. 1) and Act of Uniformity (1 Elizabeth I, c. 2) are printed in
Statutes
, 4:350–58. On the parliament of 1559 see Cross (1969) and Hartley (1981–95), 1:1–51. The paper on fugitives in Louvain, 1571, is SP 15/20/44. The spy who prepared the catalogue of the English Catholic émigré community in France and Italy in 1579 was Charles Sledd: see ch. 4 below. Deteriorating Anglo-Spanish relations in the 1560s are discussed by Parker (1998), ch. 5. On Sir William Cecil's policy paper of 1569 see Alford (1998), 182–5. On Pope Pius V's bull
Regnans in excelsis
(1570) see Pollen (1920), ch. 5, Meyer (1967), ch. 5, and Miola (2007), 486–8. The Treasons Act, 1571 (13 Elizabeth I, c. 1) is printed in
Statutes
, 4:526–8.
See also Bellamy (1979), 62–72. The Act for Surety of the Queen's Person, 1585 (27 Elizabeth I, c. 1) is printed in
Statutes
, 4:704–5. Charles Bailly's inscription and its translation are from Edwards (1968), 29, and Harrison (2004).
A fourme of common prayer
, 27 Oct 1572, is Jugge (1572). On the massacre in Paris see Carroll (2009), ch. 8, and on the city and its people Diefendorf (1991), ch. 1. The letters by Lord Burghley and the Earl of Leicester, both of them to Francis Walsingham, 11 Sep 1572, are BL Cotton MS Vespasian F.6 ff. 148r–v, 149r. Timothy Bright's account of Walsingham's sheltering of Protestants during the massacre is from Foxe (1589). See also Read (1925), 1:219–30, and Digges (1655), 235–40. Walsingham's portrait of
c
. 1585, attributed to John de Critz the Elder, is in the National Portrait Gallery, London (NPG 1807): see Strong (1969), 1:320–32. Walsingham wrote that ‘there is less danger in fearing too much than too little' in a letter to Sir William Cecil, 20 Dec 1568, SP12/48/61. ‘A prayer to be delivered from our enemies' is from Jugge (1572), sig. B1v.

Anthony Munday described his journey to France and Italy in his dedicatory letter to Munday (1579), [Munday] (1582a), sigs. C7v–D1v, and Munday (1980), 5–17. On the identity used by Anthony Munday at the English College see Kenny (1961–2) and Munday (1980), 20. The best introductions to Elizabethan London and Westminster are by Norden (1593), Stow (1908), Prockter and Taylor (1979), Lobel and Johns (1989), Orlin (2000), Saunders and Schofield (2001) and Schofield (2003). On Paul's Churchyard see Blayney (1990) and Blayney (2000). On Munday's early life see Turner (1928), Thompson (1941), Wright (1959), the introduction to Munday (1980), Hamilton (2005) and
ODNB
. Munday's description of Rome as ‘Hell itself' is from Munday (1980), 21. His arrival at the English College is in Munday (1980), 22–31. Robert Persons wrote of Munday and Nowell, though without using their names, in a letter to William Goode, printed in Munday (1980), 108. Munday recounted his conversation with the priest in the garden of the college in Munday (1980), 23–5. The story of Jezebel is from the Old Testament, 2 Kings 9:30–7. Persons's treasonous talk is from [Munday] (1582a), sigs. D3v–D4r, and that of Munday's fellow students, sigs. D2r–v, D5r–v. Munday described his friendship with Luke Kirby in [Munday] (1582c), sig. C1v. The physical description of Kirby is from Talbot (1961), 209. See also [Allen] (1582), sig. B2v. The routine of life in the English College, including its punishments, is from Munday (1980), 35–44. The Elizabethan account of the Spanish inquisition is González de Montes (1569).
The account of the Roman Carnival is from Munday (1980), 95–9. Munday described the churches of Rome in Munday (1980), 45–59. On the politics of the Hospital and English College see Munday (1980), 79–94, Kenny (1961–2), Schofield (2002) and Kenny (2005). Munday's account of the scholars' audience with Pope Gregory XIII is Munday (1980), 91–3. William Allen's defence of the English colleges in Rome and Rheims is [Allen] (1581), quotations at f. 14 and f. 110. Munday's verses on Rome, 1581, are from [Munday] [1581a].

For Anthony Munday's journey from Rome to England see Kenny (1961–2). Kenny noticed the significance of Knox (1878), 154, which records the arrival at Rheims of a priest, Askew, with one ‘Antonius', who left for England a few days later. See Munday (1980), xxi–xxii, and the introductory dedication of Munday (1579). According to ‘A general discourse of the Pope's Holiness' devices' by Charles Sledd, Sledd arrived in Rome on 5 July 1579. Sledd's ‘Discourse' is BL Additional MS 48029 ff. 122r–142r, Talbot (1961), 193–245. BL Additional MS 48029 is either the original manuscript or close to it. Written on a quire of French paper probably of the 1570s, it may be in Sledd's handwriting, though there is no reliable sample of his hand to compare the manuscript to. Robert Beale, a clerk of the Privy Council from 1572 to 1601, gave Sledd's ‘Discourse' the title ‘Priests and seminaries beyond the seas'. There is a fair copy of it in Beale's papers, BL Additional MS 48023 ff. 94r–109v. Sledd's narrative for 5 July 1579 to 4 Apr 1580, upon which much of this chapter is based, is BL Additional MS 48029 ff. 132r–140r, Talbot (1961), 214–41. William Allen's reference to ‘these Judas his parts' is from [Allen] (1582), sigs. b1v–b2r. Robert Barret was himself a well-travelled spy who in Jan 1581 wrote for Sir Henry Radcliffe an account of his years abroad, SP 12/147/38, SP 12/147/39, SP 12/147/40, and SP 12/147/41. In about 1571, probably at the age of eighteen, he was apprenticed to Henry Smith, a merchant adventurer, who lived in the parish of St Mary le Bow in London. Smith died some time before May 1573, when probate was granted on his will. Barret was taken on by Smith's cousin Philip Smith, a haberdasher, but his apprenticeship was claimed by the Girdlers' Company, and he was placed instead with one Richard Cobbe, whom he later served in Hamburg, Lübeck and Flanders. If Sledd and Barret knew each other in London, it may suggest that Sledd too was a merchant's apprentice. See the will of Henry Smith, PROB 11/55 PCC Peter, and SP 12/147/41. On William Allen, the English College, the mission to England and the Jesuits see Knox (1882),
Ryan (1911), Meyer (1967), ch. 2, Carrafiello (1994), McCoog (1996), chs. 3, 4, Duffy (2002) and Kenny (2005). On Sledd's supposed ‘invention' of the conspiracy at Nicholas Morton's house see [Allen] (1582), sig. b1r–v. Sledd's physical descriptions of Gabriel Allen, Thomas Cottam, Humphrey Ely, Robert Johnson, Henry Orton and John Pascall are from BL Additional MS 48029 ff. 127r–128r, Talbot (1961), 207–9. On the journey from Rome to France see Bossy (1964) and more generally Bates (1987). Sledd's narrative of his time in Paris and Rheims, Apr and May 1580, is BL Additional MS 48029 ff. 140r–141v, Talbot (1961), 241–5.