The World Split Open (77 page)

64
. Radicalesbians, “The Woman-Identified Woman,” APA, also reprinted in Koedt,
Radical Feminism
, 240–46.

65
. There is, of course, an enormous literature on the origins, impact, and consequences of lesbian feminism, separatism, and women's efforts to define what a “political” lesbian might be. See the Bibliography, as well as the bibliography in Phelan's book.

66
. Keiffer,
Coming Out
, 207.

67
. “Anonymous,”
Coming Out
, 76.

68
. Morgan,
Going Too Far
, 178.

69
. Betty, “REFLECTIONS ON ‘I TALK . . . YOU LISTEN, OR DO YOU?'”
Kansas City Women's Liberation Newsletter
(October/November 1974): 5–7; also see Rachel, “Lesbian Separatism—A Straight View,”
Goldflower
(January 1974): 4–5.

70
. Author's interview with Valerie Miner, Berkeley, California, May 17, 1986; Adrienne Rich, “Compulsory Heterosexuality,” from
Powers of Desire
, 105–22.

71
. C. J. Martin, “Diary of a Queer Housewife,”
Coming Out
, 62.

72
. Sara Lucia Hoagland, “Coming Home,”
Coming Out
, 147.

73
. Beverly J. Toll, “Strong and Free: The Awakening,”
Coming Out
, 28.

74
. Martha Pillow, “Untitled Story,”
Coming Out
, 8.

75
. Nancy Whittier,
Feminist Generations
, 108. This study of Columbus, Ohio, reveals the tensions between lesbians and straights, but also the ways in which they came together.

76
. Whittier,
Feminist Generations
, 108. Also see Elizabeth Kennedy and Madeleine Davis's important study of bar culture in the 1950s in Buffalo, New York,
Boots of Leather, Slippers of Gold: The History of a Lesbian Community
(New York: Routledge, 1993).

77
. Author's interview with Ann Snitow, New York, April 16, 1986; Peg Strobel's interview with Naomi Weisstein.

78
. Author's interview with Barbara Haber.

79
. Jill Johnston,
Lesbian Nation: The Feminist Solution
(New York: Bantam, 1973), 25, 81, 276–77.

80
. Charlotte Bunch, “Lesbians in Revolt,”
The Furies
(January 1972); Charlotte Bunch, “Not for Lesbians Only,”
Quest: A Feminist Quarterly
(Fall 1975), reprinted in
Passionate Politics
, 175.

81
. Bunch,
Passionate Politics
, 7; Charlotte Bunch, “Learning from Lesbian Separatism,”
Ms.
, November 1976; reprinted in
Passionate Politics
, 191.

82
. Of all the magnificent writing published by Audre Lorde, perhaps her book
Sister Outsider: Essays and Speeches
(Trumansburg, N.Y: The Crossing Press, 1984), and her article, “An Open Letter to Mary Daly,” in
This Bridge Called My Back: Writings by Radical Women of Color
, Cherrie Moraga and Gloria Anzaldua, eds. (New York: Kitchen Table Press, 1983), offer the best examples of her ability to describe triple oppression, while not casting herself as a victim.

83
. Whittier,
Feminist Generations;
see especially chapters 1 and 6, which describe the evolution and consequence of radical feminism in Columbus, Ohio.

84
. Author's interview with Barbara Ehrenreich.

85
. Boston Women's Health Collective,
Our Bodies, Ourselves
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1973).

86
. Collete Price, “The First Self-Help Clinic,”
Feminist Revolution.

87
. Ruzek,
The Women's Health Movement
, 53–57.

88
. Ruzek, 35.

89
. Ruzek, 35.

90
. Sheryl Gay Stolberg, “Now, Prescribing Just What the Patient Ordered,”
New York Times Week in Review
, August 10, 1997, 3.

91
. Joshua Horn,
Away with All Pests
(Monthly Review Press, 1969); editorial: “Chinese Health System,” in
Health/Pac Bulletin
, 47 (1972). Also see Sheryl Burt Ruzek, “Medical Response to Women's Health Activities: Conflict, Accommodations and Co-optation,” 336.

92
. Ruzek, 12;
Our Bodies, Ourselves
, 157–225.

93
. Ruzek, 12; Eisenstein,
Contemporary Feminist Thought
, 45.

94
. Barbara Seaman,
The Doctors' Case Against the Pill
(New York: P. H. Wyden, 1969); Rose Kushner,
Breast Cancer: A Personal History and Investigative Report
(New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1975); Phyllis Chesler,
Women and Madness
(New York: Doubleday, 1972).

95
. Author's interview with Pat Cody in Berkeley, California, July 29, 1986, December 1998; Dorothy Bryant, “The DES Odyssey of Pat Cody,” in
California Living, San Francisco Examiner/Chronicle Magazine
, March 18, 1997, 22.

96
. On the East Coast, middle-class women formed CARASA to fight against the forced sterilization of women. On the West Coast, the Coalition to Defend Reproductive Rights (CDRR) worked for the same goals.

97
. Raquel Scherr and Leonore Taboada were the women who translated the 1973 edition into Spanish. Author's interview with Raquel Scherr, August 19, 1997, Berkeley; author's interview with a group of neighborhood women who met weekly to study this torn and well-worn edition of
Our Bodies, Ourselves
, Managua, Nicaragua, June 1986.

98
. Excerpt from Rosen, “A Life of One's Own,” unpublished, written at Blue Mountain Lake and Ragdale, Fall 1990 and 1991, both residential communities for artists and writers.

99
. Susan Griffin, “Rape: The All-American Crime,”
Ramparts
, 10:3 (1971), 26–35. Other early critiques are Barbara Mehrhof and Pamela Kearon, “Rape: An Act of Terror,” reprinted in Koedt,
Radical Feminism
, 228–33; Women Against Rape,
Stop Rape
(Detroit, 1971); “Anatomy of a Rape” and “Disarm Rapists” in
It Ain't Me, Babe
, July 23 and August 6 issues, 1970.

100
. Susan Brownmiller,
Against Our Will: Men, Women and Rape
(New York, Bantam, 1975).

101
. This trial is extremely complicated. For the full story, see the following coverage:
New York Times
, August, 1974, 321;
New York Times
, October 3, 1974, in Family, Food, Fashion, Furnishings, 21, and October 6, 1974, k10;
New York Times
, November 22, 1974, 29; Shana Alexander, “A Simple Question of Rape,”
Newsweek
, October 28, 1974, 110.

102
. This trial was covered by the
New York Times
throughout 1975. Her acquittal is described on August 15, 1975, 10: 1. See the
New York Times Index
for references to other developments in the case.

103
. Some of the most influential works were Diana Russell's pioneering book,
The Politics of Rape: The Victim's Perspective
(New York: Stein and Day, 1975); Florence Rush,
The Best Kept Secret: Sexual Abuse of Children
(New York: McGraw-Hill, 1980); and Judith Herman,
Father-Daughter Incest
(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1981).

104
. This was said by Bob Wilson, then chair of the Judiciary Committee of the California Senate, to the National Council of Jewish Women's meeting in L.A. in 1979, where he was the featured speaker.

105
. For a good overview of twenty years of antirape activism, see Nancy A. Mathews,
Confronting Rape: The Feminist Anti-Rape Movement and the State
(New York: Routledge, 1994).

106
. See Laura Lederer, ed.,
Take Back the Night: Women on Pornography
(New York: William Morrow, 1980);
The Aggie
, March 10, 1982, 1; “UCD Hits Frat's Actions,”
Daily Enterprise
, March 31, 1982, 1; “Women's March Saga Grows Angry,”
Davis Enterprise
, March 11, 1982, 1; “Fraternity-Feminist Dispute Stirs Davis,”
San Francisco Sunday Examiner and Chronicle
, B2; Letter from Vice Chancellor Thomas Dutton to Barry Boatman, presented to the Interdisciplinary Council, March 30, 1982, Women's Resource and Research Center Archives, University of California, Davis. I thank Joy Fergoda, librarian par excellence, for helping me find all the materials related to this case.

107
. Rennie Simson, “The Afro-American Female: the Historical Context of the Construction of Sexual Identity” in
Powers of Desire
, 229–36.

108
. One of the most interesting treatments of the politics of such memories is Judith Herman,
Trauma and Recovery: The Aftermath of Violence
—
From Domestic Abuse to Political Terror
(New York: Basic, 1992).

109
. Interview with Professor Isabel Marcus, who worked in Buffalo, New York, for two years with a court-mandated counseling project for men who battered, Buffalo, November 1992. Also see Isabel Marcus, “Reframing ‘Domestic Violence': Terrorism in the House,” in M. Fineman and B. Mykitiuk, eds.,
The Public Nature of Private Violence: The Discovery of Domestic Abuse
(New York: Routledge, 1994).

110
. Some of the earliest books that helped redefine wife beating were William Ryan,
Blaming the Victim
(New York: Pantheon, 1971); Del Martin,
Battered Wives
(San Francisco: Glide Publications, 1976). For a good overview of the battered women's movement, an extensive bibliography on battered women
and battered women's syndrome, manuals and films and case studies of shelters, see Susan Schecter,
Women and Male Violence
(Boston: South End Press, 1982), and the Bibliography.

111
. Susan Schecter points out in
Women and Male Violence
how much these feminist-inspired shelters changed when they were funded by local government. This question, whether an institution is part of a movement or simply a service, is discussed in detail in Schecter's work, 6.

112
. Author's phone interview with Nadine Taub, September 8, 1997.

113
. Carol Vance, ed.,
Exploring Female Sexuality
(New York: Routledge, 1984), explores whether the sexual revolution was exploitative or emancipatory. Also see the bibliography in Nancy Wolloch,
Women and the American Experience, From 1860
, 2d ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1997), 580.

114
. See my article on sexual harassment: Ruth Rosen, “Sex, Lies, and Vulnerability.”
Tikkun
7:1 (January/February 1992), 22–25.

115
. “Big Trouble in Glen Ridge,”
New Directions for Women
(January/February 1993): 19. For a wide range of opinion and interpretation on the O. J. Simpson trial, see Toni Morrison and Claudia Brodsky Lacour, eds.,
Birth of a Nation'hood
(New York: Random House, 1997). There is now a huge literature on this trial. For further articles and books, see Wolloch,
Women and the American Experience
, 580.

116
. Kate Millett,
The Prostitution Papers
(New York: Avon, 1973), reprinted from first edition in 1971, published by Basic Books. The chronicle of this conference is described by Millett on pp. 17–27.

117
. Author's interview with Alix Kates Shulman, New York, April 13, 1987.

118
. Author's interview with Flo Kennedy, New York, April 14, 1986.

119
. See Jan Fichtel et al., “Pussy Power Putdown,”
Berkeley Tribe
(February 6, 1970); Bobby Goldstone, “The Politics of Pornography: The Pornography of Politics,”
Off Our Backs
(December 14, 1970): 10; Women's Militia, Berkeley Chapter, “Tits ‘n' Ass,”
Berkeley Tribe
(August 1970): 14–21. For a broader overview of the underground paper world, see Abe Peck,
Uncovering the Sixties: The Life and Times of the Underground Press
(New York: Pantheon, 1984), especially 206–20. Peck is the author of the phrase “dildo journalism.” Robin Morgan, “Theory and Practice: Pornography and Rape,”
Going Too Far
, 163–70.

120
. For informal accounts of the women's liberation protests against the film
Snuff
, see Beverly LaBelle,
“Snuff:
The Ultimate in Woman-Hating,” and Martha Gever and Marge Hall, “Fighting Pornography,” in Lederer,
Take Back the Night
, 272–85; Andrea Dworkin,
Letters from a War Zone
(London: Seeker and Warburg, 1988; Women's Action Alliance,
Women's Action Almanac: A Complete Resource Guide
, Jane Williamson, Diane Winston, and Wanda Wooten, eds. (New York: William Morrow, 1979), 224–27. Lederer,
Take Back the Night
, 23–24; Dworkin,
Letters
, 312–14; Marcia Womon-gold,
Pornography: A License to Kill
(Somerville, Mass.: New England Free Press, 1979), 9–14.

121
. See Andrea Dworkin,
Pornography and Civil Rights: A New Day for Women's
Equality
, and Andrea Dworkin and Catharine A. MacKinnon,
Organizing Against Pornography
(Minneapolis, 1988); Catharine MacKinnon,
Feminism Unmodified: Discourses on Life and Law
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1987); Catharine MacKinnon,
Toward a Feminist Theory of the State
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1989), and
Only Words
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993).

122
. Quoted by Sheila Jeffreys in
Anticlimax
, 255.

123
. See Gayle Rubin et al., “Talking Sex,”
Feminist Review
, 11 (June 1982): 40; Ellen Willis, “Feminism, Moralism and Pornography,” in Ann Snitow et al., eds.,
Desire: The Politics of Sexuality
(London: Virago, 1984), 85; Ann Snitow, “Retrenchment versus Transformation: The Politics of the Antipornography Movement,” in Varda Burstyn, ed.,
Women Against Censorship
(Toronto: Douglas and McIntyre, 1985), 111.