The World Split Open (80 page)

16
. Letter from Ida G. Rosen to author, January 1976, APA.

17
. For a fuller discussion of the postsuffrage and postfeminist eras, see Rayna Rapp and Ellen Ross, “It Seems We've Stood and Talked Like This Before,”
Ms.
, April 1983, 54–56.

18
. Geneva Overholser, “What ‘Post-Feminism' Really Means,”
New York Times
,
September 19, 1986, 30; for an analytic attempt to distinguish antifeminism from postfeminism, see Deborah Rosenfelt and Judith Stacey, “Second Thoughts on the Second Wave,”
Feminist Studies
13 (Summer 1987): 341–61.

19
. A study conducted by Alexander W. Astin and Kenneth Green analyzed data involving almost six million students. Quoted in “College Freshmen Still Reveal Liberal Streak,”
San Francisco Chronicle
, October 31, 1986, 1, 9. Tim Schreiner, “Demographic Change Is Reshaping Workforce,”
San Francisco Chronicle
, October 28, 1986, 12.

20
. Susan Bolotin, “Voices from the Post-Feminist Generation,”
New York Times Magazine
, October 7, 1982, 28–31.

21
. Bolotin, 31, 30.

22
. Bolotin clearly touched a nerve. See letters she received in Susan Bolotin Collection, SL. In
Women in College: Shaping New Feminine Identities
(New York, 1985) 89–92, 225–300, Mirra Komarovsky showed that college women felt that finding one's place in the world of work had become essential to one's personal dignity in this generation, yet a career without marriage was the choice of only 2 percent of the sample. An intimate article by Abigail Pogrebin discloses her relationship to her mother's feminism in “Bridges: Divided Loyalties,”
Glamour
, June 1996, 100.

23
. Naomi Wolf quoted by Diane Salvatore, “Young Feminists Speak for Themselves,” 89. Leslie Heywood and Jennifer Drake, eds.
Third Wave Agenda: Being Feminist, Doing Feminism
(Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 1997), 124. See Paula Kamen,
Feminist Fatale: Voices from the “Twenty Something” Generation Explore the Future of the “Women's Movement”
(New York: Fine, 1991).

24
. Toni Cade,
The Black Woman
(New York:
New
American Library, 1970); Celestine Ware,
Woman Power
(New York: Tower 1970); Linda LaRue “The Black Movement and Women's Liberation,” in
The Black Scholar
, 1:7 (May 1970); Gloria Hull, “My Life,” APA; Toni Morrison, “Interview with Claudia Tate,”
Black Women Writers at Work
, Claudia Tate, ed. (New York: Continuum, 1983), 117–31, quote from p. 122.

25
. See Linda La Rue, “The Black Movement and Women's Liberation,”
Black Scholar
, 1 (1970), 42, from Third World Women's Alliance, “Black Women's Manifesto,” n.d.; Linda La Rue, “Black Liberation and Women's Lib,”
Transaction
(November—December 1970); Toni Morrison, “What the Black Woman Thinks About Women's Lib,”
New York Times Magazine
, August 22, 1971; Charlayne Hunter, “Many Blacks Wary of ‘Women's Liberation Movement,'”
New York Times
, November 17, 1970, 60; Angela Davis,
Angela Davis: An Autobiography
(New York: Random House, 1974); Lee Rainwater and William L. Yancey,
The Moynihan Report and the Politics of Controversy
(Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1967); and the account given by Paula Giddings,
When and Where I Enter: The Impact of Black Women on Race and Sex in America
(New York: Bantam, 1984).

26
. Celestine Ware,
Woman Power
, 78, 91, 95, 99.

27
. See Rivka Polatnick, “Diversity in Women's Liberation Ideology: How a
Black and White Group of the 1960's Views Motherhood,”
Signs
(Spring, 1996), as well as her dissertation, “Strategies for Women's Liberation: A Study of Black and White Groups of the 1960s,” La-neeta Harris, “Black Women in Junior High Schools,” in Tanner,
Voices
, 216. “The Sisters Reply,” September 11, 1968, Mt. Vernon, New York, responding to “Birth Control Pill and Black Children,” a statement by the Black Unity Party in Peekskill, New York, n.d.; Patricia Robinson, “Poor Black Women,” n.d., all in Nancy Gray Osterud Collection, SL.

28
. La-neeta Harris, “Black Women in Junior High Schools,” in Tanner,
Voices
, 215–16.

29
. Mary Ann Weathers, “An Argument for Black Women's Liberation As a Revolutionary Force,”
No More Fun and Games
(February 1969), APA. Also reprinted in Morgan,
Sisterhood
, 303–7.

30
. Frances Beale, “The Double Jeopardy of Black Women,” in “Documents from the Black Women's Liberation Movement,” in Documents from the Women's Liberation Movement, An On-Line Archival Collection, Special Collections Library, Duke University (DU).

31
. Pamela Newman, “Take a Good Look at Our Problems,” DU.

32
. Michelle Wallace, “On the National Black Feminist Organization,” June 1975, reprinted in Redstockings,
Feminist Revolution
, 174.

33
. The Combahee River Collective,
The Combahee River Collective Statement: Black Feminist Organizing in the Seventies and Eighties
(New York: Kitchen Table: Women of Color Press, 1985), pamphlet, APA.

34
. Michelle Wallace,
Black Macho and the Myth of the Superwoman
(London: Verso, 1990). See her new introduction in which she explores why and how her mind has changed on a number of issues she first discussed.

35
. Gloria Hull, Patricia Bell Scott, and Barbara Smith, eds.,
All the Women Are White, All the Blacks Are Men, and Some of Us Are Brave
(New York: Feminist Press, 1982). Extensive bibliographies on minority women's history can be found in Ellen Carol DuBois and Vicki Ruiz, eds.,
Unequal Sisters: A Multi-cultural Reader in U.S. Women's History
(New York: Routledge, 1997).

36
. One of the best examples of this community work occurred in South Central Los Angeles, as well as in Oakland, California. The Women's Economic Agenda Project (WEAL) in Oakland, California, turned women's issues into economic struggles on behalf of minority women. For poll data, please see Epilogue.

37
. From the PBS Documentary
Chicano! History of the Mexican American Fight for Civil Rights
, 1997.

38
. Maria Varela, quoted in Morgan,
Sisterhood
, 424.

39
. Vicki Ruiz,
Out of the Shadow: Mexican American Women in the Twentieth Century
(New York: Oxford, 1998), in chapter 5, La Nueva Chicana, 68. Also see Alma M. Garcia,
Chicana Feminist Thought: The Basic Historical Writings
(New York: Routledge, 1997).

40
. Enriqueta Longauex y Vasquez, “The Mexican American Woman,” in Morgan,
Sisterhood
, 378–79.

41
. See editors, “Introduction to Encuentro Femenil,” 113–17; Francisco Flores, “Comisión Femenil Mexicana,” 150; Alicia Sandoval, “Chicana Liberation,” 204, all in Garcia,
Chicana Feminist Thought.

42
. Nancy Nieto, “Macho Attitudes,”
Hija de Cuauhtemoc
, vol. 1, no. 1, (1971). Also see Mirta Vidal, “Women: New Voice of La Raza,” (New York: Pathfinder Press, 1971), reprinted in
Chicanas Speak Out
, DU.

43
. Ruiz, 112.

44
. “Statement by Elma Barrera,” DU.

45
. “Workshop Resolutions for the First National Chicana Conference,” DU.

46
. See Beatrice M. Pesquera and Denise A. Segura, “There Is No Going Back: Chicanas and Feminism,” and Pesquera and Segura, “Talk on Chicana Feminism,” April 30, 1990, Tape, U.C. Davis, 1990, APA; Segura and Pesquera, “Beyond Indifference and Antipathy: The Chicana Movement and Chicana Feminist Discourse,”
Aztlan
(Fall 1988): 69–82. Also see Adalijiza Sosa Riddell, “Chicanas and El Movimiento,”
Aztlan
5:1 (1974), 155–65; Mary Pardo,
MELA
(Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1998).

47
. Gloria Anzaldua,
Borderland/La Frontera: The New Mestiza
(San Francisco: Spinster/Aunt Lute, 1987), 80.

48
. Much of the writing on Native Americans is from the 1980s. But see Elsie Allen,
Pomo Basketmaking: A Supreme Art for the Weaver
, Vinson Brown, ed. (Happy Camp, California: Naturegraph Publishers, 1972), and the Bibliography.

49
. Shirley Hill Witt, “Native Women Today: Sexism and the Indian Woman,”
Civil Rights Digest
(Spring 1974).

50
.
Ms.
, November 1977, 60.

51
. Ms., 60.

52
. Maya Angelou, “To Form a More Perfect Union,” reprinted in National Commission on the Observance of International Women's Year,
The Spirit of Houston: An Official Report to the President, the Congress and the People of the United States
(Washington, D.C., March 1978);
The Spirit of Houston
, 195.

53
.
The Spirit of Houston
, 129; “The Torch Relay,” 193; “Billie Jean King Statement,” 202; “What the Press Said,” 205; “Houston Day by Day,” 119; “Feminism Now,”
New York Times
, December 30, 1974, xii, 7; Also see the briefing paper prepared by the IWY Secretariat, “Women's Movement in the U.S. 1960–1975: Government's Role in the Women's Movement,” Vertical File, “Women's Liberation,” SL; National Commission on the Observation of International Women's Year,
Declaration of American Women
(Washington, D.C.: IWY Commission, 1977). Also see Cecelia P. Burciaga, “The 1977 National Women's Conference,” 182–83, in Garcia,
Chicana Feminist Thought.

54
.
The Spirit of Houston
, 166; Also see Kay Clarenbach Oral History, Box 2, Folder 15, for more detailed stories about Houston, WHS.

1
. To the best of my knowledge, I have coined the terms “consumer feminism” and “therapeutic feminism” for this book. Others have described similar phenomena as “lifestyle feminism.”

2
. Quoted in Susan Douglas,
Where the Girls Are: Growing Up Female with the Mass Media
(Random House: New York, 1994), 163–64. I also viewed these clips at the Berkshire Conference on Women's History, Vassar, 1990.

3
. See, for example, the script of
CBS Evening News with Walter Cronkite
, March 9, 1970, in Marlene Sanders Collection, Folder 2, SL, which, although relatively tame, bears the patronizing distant language of “others” who see women as “insisting” or “claiming.” For greater analysis of news coverage, see Douglas,
Where
, chapters 8, 9, and 10, 164.

4
. Northern Virginia Chapter, National Organization for Women, “Newspaper Monitoring Project,” 1973, APA, 1–12. Some of the problems in reporting the women's movement are discussed in Gaye Tuchman,
Making News: A Study in the Construction of Reality
(New York: Free Press, 1978).

5
.
CBS Evening News
, March 9, 1970; Ti-Grace Atkinson interviewed by David Culhane, script p. 14, Marlene Sanders Collection.

6
. Sandy North, in “Reporting the Movement,”
Atlantic Monthly
, March 1970, 105–6, describes how reporters had to buck activists as well as hostile editors.

7
.
Newsweek
, March 26, 1970, 78.

8
. ABC Production, “Women's Liberation,” script 29, from series called
American Adventure
, Folder 1, Marlene Sanders Collection.

9
. Letter from Mrs. Patricia Sohacki, Muncie, Indiana, May 25, 1970, to Marlene Sanders, Folder 3, Marlene Sanders Collection.

10
. “Hello to Our Sisters,” no date, press release to other feminist groups, two-page explanation, UWA.

11
.
Ladies' Home Journal
, August 1970, complete insert, UWA.

12
.
Ladies' Home Journal
, August 1970, 63–71; November 1970, 69, 74.

13
. For information on feminist protests against the erotic and pornographic books published by Grove Press, see
Publisher's Weekly
, April 20, 1970, 38; for legal suit against
Time
, see
New York Times
, May 4, 1970, 11. There is a huge file in the WHA at Wyoming on media protests. Some of the more important sources I used include: “The Advertising Council Endorses NOW Public Service Ad Campaign,” 1973, NOW Newsletter, North Virginia; “Feminists Protest Policy of the Times,”
New York Times
, March 4, 1974 (about not using Ms.); “Sexism on the Boob Tube,” WABC TV, in “The Changing Woman,” September 1, 1972; “What Women Want to Read,”
Newsweek
, 1987; Valerie Miner, “Sisterhood Is Variable,”
New Statesman
, January 17, 1975; Judith Coburn, “Women Take the
New York Times
to Court,”
New Times
, 2 (1978); “Radical Women Hold Successful Media Parley,”
Militant
(May 1970); “Women's Words Fly Like Bricks” (women breaking windows of
San Francisco Chronicle
and sending letter of protest); “On the
Newsweek
Strike,”
Female Liberation
(April 2, 1970); Molly Ivins, “Report on the Women's Caucus at the National Meeting of Dissident Overground Journalists,” August 12, 1970, Minnesota; Lilla Lyon, “The March of Time's Women,”
New York
magazine, no date; “Women Attack Press Club,”
Daily Californian
, April 27, 1972, clipping; “Sex in the Wire Room,” from
Media Report to Women
, vol. 2, no. 4 (August 1972), reprinted in YWCA series “The Image of
Women,” clipping; “NOW Executive Charges TV Denigrated American Women By Way of ‘Simplistic and Insulting Image,'”
New York Times
, June 21, 1970, II, 17:8.