The World Split Open (91 page)

Divorce and feminization of poverty. Although some social scientists by the 1990s found Lenore Weitzman's research to be overstated, her published numbers had by then become household words. Lenore J. Weitzman,
The Marriage Contract, Lovers and the Law
(New York: The Free Press, 1981). As women grew poorer, a number of writers addressed what Diana Pearce dubbed the new “feminization of poverty.” Ruth Sidel,
Women and Children Last: The Plight of Poor Women in Affluent America
(New York: Viking, 1982); Andrew Hacker,
Two Nations: Black and White, Separate, Hostile, Unequal
(New York: Viking, 1992); Christopher Jencks,
Rethinking Social Policy: Race, Poverty, and the Underclass
(Cambridge, Mass:, Harvard University Press, 1992); Linda Gordon, ed.,
Women, the State, and Welfare
(Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1990); Ken Auletta,
The Underclass
(New York: Random House, 1992); Diana Pearce,
Feminization of Poverty
(Washington, D.C.: Institute for Women's Policy Research, 1989); Ruth Sidel,
On Her Own: Growing Up in the Shadow of the American Dream
(New York: Viking, 1990); and Rochelle Lefkowitz and Ann Withorn, eds.,
For Crying Out Loud: Women and Poverty in the United States
(New York: The Pilgrim Press, 1986).

Global feminism. One of the most useful books that describes the modern women's movement in the United States, Western Europe, and Japan is Monica Threlfall, ed.,
Mapping the Women's Movement
(New York: Verso, 1996).

Women's rights as human rights. Some of the important historical works are Diana Russell and Nicole Van de Ven, eds.,
The Proceedings of the International Tribunal on Crimes Against Women
(East Palo Alto, Calif.: Frog in the Well, 1984); Center for Women's Global Leadership,
Demanding Accountability: The Global Campaign and Vienna Tribunal on Violation of Women's Human Rights
, edited by Charlotte Bunch and Niamh Reilly, 1996.
Testimonies on the Global Tribunal on Violation of Women's Rights
includes full transcripts of the thirty-three testimonies given by women from twenty-five countries at the global tribunal, Vienna, June 1993; also published by the Center for Women's Global Leadership. Other publications that the center has published are important sources for the history of the global movement to redefine women's rights as human rights.
Gender Violence and Women's Human Rights in Africa
compiles the ideas and
strategies of some of Africa's foremost women's human rights activists. The video,
The Vienna Tribunal: Women's Rights Are Human Rights
, is available from Women Make Movies, in New York. Also see Joanna Kerr,
Ours by Right: Women's Rights as Human Rights
(London: Zed, 1993), and Katarina Tomasevski,
Women and Human Rights
(London: Zed, 1993);
Women's Rights, Human Rights
, Julie Peter and Andrea Wolper, eds., (New York: Routledge, 1995); Roxanna Carrillo,
Battered Dreams: Violence Against Women as an Obstacle to Development
(New York: Unifem, 1992);
The Human Rights Watch Global Report on Women's Human Rights
(New York: Human Rights Watch, 1995); Marguerite Guzman Bouvard,
Women Reshaping Human Rights: How Extraordinary Activists Are Changing the World
(New York: Scholarly Resources, 1996).

Development. The purpose of the Grameen Bank was to provide small loans exclusively to the poor who possess no more than a half acre of land or assets not exceeding the value of one acre of cultivatable land. The bank loaned small amounts of money to village women, with which they could start small businesses. The records of the bank demonstrate that nearly all the loans were paid back rapidly and that the women were successful in gaining economic independence. For studies on this institution, see David Bornstein,
The Price of a Dream: The Story of the Grameen Bank and the Idea That Is Helping the Poor to Change Their Lives
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996); Helen Todd,
Women at the Center: Grameen Bank Borrowers After One Decade
(Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1996); Abu N.M. Wahid, ed.,
The Grameen Bank: Poverty Relief in Bangladesh
(Boulder: Westview Press, 1992); I.S.A. Baud and G. A. de Bruijne, eds.,
Gender, Small-Scale Industry and Development Policy
(New York: International Women's Tribune, 1993); Julia Moss,
Half the World, Half the Chance: An Introduction to Gender and Development
(New York: Oxfam, 1993); J. Ann Tickner,
Gender in International Relations: Feminist Perspectives on Securing Global Security
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1992). There is a huge literature on women and development now. I recommend the catalog Women, Ink.:
Books on Women and Development, 777
United Nations Plaza, New York, New York 10017, for bibliographies and annotated lists of books I have used.

Global networks. On the creation of global networks, see Peggy Andres,
Sisters Listening to Sisters: Women of the World Share Stores of Personal Empowerment
(Westport: Bergen and Harvey, 1996); Amrita Basu, ed.
The Challenge of Local Feminism: Women's Movements in Global Perspective
(Boulder: Westview Press, 1995); and the many media and personal accounts from the UN conferences.

abortion,
52–55
,
82–83
,
91
,
145
,
157–59
,
176
,
177
,
180
,
209
,
331
,
332
,
339

black liberation and,
147–48
,
279
,
280

Lysistrata Day and,
207–8

Maude
and,
321

movement against,
159
,
264
,
331
,
332

Roe v. Wade
and,
89
,
91
,
158–59
,
331

self-induced,
52–53

Abzug, Bella,
233
,
237
,
291

academic careers,
231

activism,
see
political activism

Adams, James B.,
242–43

Adams, Jane,
127

Addams, Jane,
27

advertising,
205
,
311–12
,
329

affirmative action,
304
,
305

Against Our Will
(Brownmiller),
182

aging,
272–74

airlines,
81

Allen, Pam,
129

Allen, Paula Gunn,
265

Alligood, Clarence,
183

All in the Family
,
320–21

All the Women Are White, All the Blacks Are Men, and Some of Us Are Brave
(Hull, Scott, and Smith, eds.),
284–85

Alpert, Jane,
248–49
,
257–58

Alta,
133
,
219–20

alternative medicine,
178

Amatniek, Kathie (Kathie Sarachild),
129
,
133
,
196–97
,
202
,
209
,
235
,
238

American Academy of Arts and Sciences,
76

American Federation of Labor–Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL/CIO),
82

American Indians,
137
,
290–91

American Newspaper Guild,
207

“An Answer to a Man's Question, ‘What Can I Do About Women's Liberation?'” (Griffin),
218–19

androgyny,
76–77
,
313

Angelou, Maya,
220
,
293

anger,
198–99
,
220

Annie Hall
,
323

anonymous writing,
233–34

Anthony, Susan B. (grandniece of suffragist),
293

Anthony, Susan B. (suffragist),
273
,
339

antiwar movement,
95
,
115
,
124
,
125
,
129
,
134
,
136
,
137–38
,
201–4
,
286–87

FBI and,
241
,
243
,
249–50

Hefner and,
162

see also
Students for a Democratic Society

Anzaldua, Gloria,
265
,
290

Arendt, Hannah,
vii

art,
224–26

Arthur, Robert,
63

Asian women,
291

assertiveness training,
316–17
,
318

Atkinson, Ti-Grace,
85
,
151
,
152
,
204
,
256
,
298

Atwood, Margaret,
336

Away with All Pests
(Horn),
178

baby boom,
13
,
22
,
38
,
58
,
329
,
335

backlash,
90–91
,
92
,
253
,
270
,
276
,
326
,
330
,
331–37

Backlash: The Undeclared War Against American Women
(Faludi),
334

Baer, Jean,
317

Baird, Bill,
158

Baker, Ella,
33
,
97
,
98
,
101
,
112

Barrera, Elma,
289

Barrett, Cathy,
126

Bart, Pauline,
70
,
198

battered women,
185–86
,
188
,
195

Baxandall, Rosalyn,
151–52
,
167

Bay Area Women's Militia,
162

Beale, Frances,
164
,
281–82

Beats,
47
,
48–50
,
51
,
52
,
124

beauty pageants,
159–60
,
161
,
201
,
203

beauty standards,
159
,
160–61
,
163–64
,
230
,
234
,
281
,
312

Beauvoir, Simone de,
56–58
,
102
,
107

Beloved
(Morrison),
285

Bergman, Ingmar,
323

Berkeley Barb
,
162

Berkeley Women's Liberation,
206

Berman, Edgar,
90

Binh, Madame,
137
,
250

birth control,
see
contraception

BITCH,
204

Black, Cathy,
210–11

Black Macho and the Myth of Superwoman
(Wallace),
284

black men,
278
,
279–80
,
281
,
284
,
285

reproductive rights and,
147–48
,
279
,
280

black power, black separatism,
96
,
106–7
,
124
,
128
,
136
,
140
,
280
,
281
,
282
,
284

Black Panthers,
133–34
,
136
,
240
,
249
,
283

FBI and,
240
,
241
,
243

black women,
277–85
,
286

activist,
32–33
,
136–37
,
147

beauty standards and,
164
,
281

family role of,
278–79

motherhood as viewed by,
44

rape and,
185

wages earned by,
79

Bolotin, Susan,
275

Bond, Julian,
100
,
101

Booth, Heather,
54
,
123
,
126
,
127
,
263

Boston Women's Health Collective,
129
,
176
,
178

Boxer, Marilyn,
266

Boyer, Elizabeth,
83

bras,
312

burning of,
160–61
,
297

Braudy, Susan,
263

Bread and Roses,
162
,
229

breast cancer,
179
,
181

Breast Cancer: A Personal History and Investigative Report
(Kushner),
179

breast-feeding,
178

Breines, Wini,
44

Brennan, William, Jr.,
91

bridal fairs,
204–5

Brown, Elaine,
283–84

Brown, Helen Gurley,
51
,
319–20

Brown, Rita Mae,
168
,
254
,
257