The World Was Going Our Way
Read The World Was Going Our Way Online
Authors: Christopher Andrew
Tags: #Biographies & Memoirs, #True Accounts, #Espionage, #History, #Europe, #Ireland, #Military, #Intelligence & Espionage, #Modern (16th-21st Centuries), #20th Century, #Russia, #World
Table of Contents
ALSO BY CHRISTOPHER ANDREW AND VASILI MITROKHIN
The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive
and the Secret History of the KGB
ALSO BY CHRISTOPHER ANDREW
Théophile Delcassé and the Making of the Entente Cordiale
The First World War: Causes and Consequences
(Volume 19 of the
Hamlyn History of the World
)
France Overseas: The Great War and the Climax
of French Overseas Expansion
(with A. S. Kanya-Forstner)
The Missing Dimension: Governments and Intelligence
Communities in the Twentieth Century
(with David Dilks)
Her Majesty’s Secret Service: The Making of
the British Intelligence Community
Codebreaking and Signals Intelligence
Intelligence and International Relations 1900-1945
(with Jeremy Noakes)
KGB: The Inside Story of Its Foreign Operations
from Lenin to Gorbachev
(with Oleg Gordievsky)
Instructions from the Centre: Top Secret Files on
KGB Foreign Operations 1975-1985
(published in the USA as
Comrade Kryuchkov’s Instructions
)
(with Oleg Gordievsky)
More Instructions from the Centre: Top Secret Files on
KGB Global Operations 1975-1985
(with Oleg Gordievsky)
For the President’s Eyes Only: Secret Intelligence and
the American Presidency from Washington to Bush
Eternal Vigilance? Fifty Years of the CIA
(with Rhodri Jeffreys-Jones)
ALSO BY VASILI MITROKHIN
KGB Lexicon: The Soviet Intelligence Officer’s Handbook
(editor)
and the Secret History of the KGB
ALSO BY CHRISTOPHER ANDREW
The First World War: Causes and Consequences
(Volume 19 of the
Hamlyn History of the World
)
France Overseas: The Great War and the Climax
of French Overseas Expansion
(with A. S. Kanya-Forstner)
The Missing Dimension: Governments and Intelligence
Communities in the Twentieth Century
(with David Dilks)
Her Majesty’s Secret Service: The Making of
the British Intelligence Community
Codebreaking and Signals Intelligence
Intelligence and International Relations 1900-1945
(with Jeremy Noakes)
KGB: The Inside Story of Its Foreign Operations
from Lenin to Gorbachev
(with Oleg Gordievsky)
Instructions from the Centre: Top Secret Files on
KGB Foreign Operations 1975-1985
(published in the USA as
Comrade Kryuchkov’s Instructions
)
(with Oleg Gordievsky)
More Instructions from the Centre: Top Secret Files on
KGB Global Operations 1975-1985
(with Oleg Gordievsky)
For the President’s Eyes Only: Secret Intelligence and
the American Presidency from Washington to Bush
Eternal Vigilance? Fifty Years of the CIA
(with Rhodri Jeffreys-Jones)
(editor)
In Memory of
Vasili Nikitich Mitrokhin
(1922-2004)
and
Nina Mikhailovna Mitrokhina
(1924-1999)
(1922-2004)
and
Nina Mikhailovna Mitrokhina
(1924-1999)
The Evolution of the KGB, 1917-91
The functions, unlike the nomenclature, of the Soviet security and intelligence apparatus remained relatively constant throughout the period 1917-91. In recognition of that continuity, KGB officers frequently described themselves, like the original members of the Cheka, as Chekisty. The term KGB is sometimes used to denote the security and intelligence apparatus of the whole Soviet era, as well as, more correctly, for the period after 1954.
FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE
Founded in 1920, the foreign intelligence department of the Cheka and its inter-war successors was known as the Inostranni Otdel (INO). From 1941 to 1947 it was succeeded by the Inostrannoye Upravlenie (INU), also known as the First Directorate. From 1947 to 1951, the main foreign intelligence functions were taken over by the Komitet Informatsii (KI). From 1952 to 1991 foreign intelligence was run by the First Chief Directorate (save for the period from March 1953 to March 1954, when it was known, confusingly, as the Second Chief Directorate).
HEADQUARTERS
Foreign intelligence officers and directives to residencies referred to KGB headquarters as the ‘Centre’. In practice the ‘Centre’ usually referred to the HQ of foreign intelligence rather than of the KGB as a whole. The organization of the KGB First Chief (Foreign Intelligence) Directorate is given in Appendix D.
KGB TERMINOLOGY
For detailed definitions, see Mitrokhin (ed.),
KGB Lexicon
.
KGB Lexicon
.
Abbreviations and Acronyms
| AFSA | Armed Forces Security [SIGINT] Agency (USA) |
| ANC | African National Congress |
| ARA | American Relief Association |
| ASA | Army Security [SIGINT] Agency (USA) |
| AVH | Hungarian security and intelligence agency |
| AVO | predecessor of AVH |
| AWACS | airborne warning and control system |
| BfV | security service (FRG) |
| BND | foreign intelligence agency (FRG) |
| BNS | Bureau of National Security (Syria) |
| CCP | Chinese Communist Party |
| CDR | Committee for the Defence of the Revolution (Cuba) |
| CDU | Christian Democratic Union (FRG) |
| Centre | HQ of the KGB (or FCD) and their predecessors |
| Cheka | Vserossiiskaya Chrezvychainaya Komissiya po Borbe s Kontrrevolyutsiei i Sabotazhem: All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution and Sabotage (predecessor of KGB (1917-22)) |
| CI | counter-intelligence |
| CIA | Central Intelligence Agency (USA) |
| CISPES | Committee in Solidarity with the People of El Salvador (USA) |
| COCOM | Coordinating Committee for East-West Trade (NATO and Japan) |
| Comecon | Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (Soviet bloc) |
| Comintern | Communist (Third) International |
| CPC | Christian Peace Conference |
| CPC | Communist Party of Canada |
| CPCz | Communist Party of Czechoslovakia |
| CPGB | Communist Party of Great Britain |
| CPI | Communist Party of India |
| CPJ | Communist Party of Japan |
| CPM | Communist Party of India, Marxist |
| CPSA | Communist Party of South Africa (later SACP) |
| CPSU | Communist Party of the Soviet Union |
| CPUSA | Communist Party of the United States of America |
| CSU | Christian Social Union (FRG; ally of CDU) |
| DCI | Director of Central Intelligence (USA) |
| Derg | Co-ordinating Committee of the Armed Forces, Police and National Guard (Ethiopia) |
| DGI | Dirección General de Inteligencia (Cuba) |
| DGS | Portuguese security service |
| DGSE | French foreign intelligence service |
| DIA | Defense Intelligence Agency (USA) |
| DISA | Direção de Informação e Seguranca de Angola |
| DLB | dead letter-box |
| DRG | diversionnye razvedyvatelnye gruppy : Soviet sabotage and intelligence groups |
| DRU | Dirección Revolucionaria Unida (El Salvador) |
| DS | Bulgarian security and intelligence service |
| DST | French security service |
| EPS | Ejército Popular Sandinista (Nicaragua) |
| F Line | ‘Special Actions’ department in KGB residencies |
| FAPSI | Federalnoye Agentsvo Pravitelstvennoi Sviazi i Informatsii: Russian (post-Soviet) SIGINT agency |
| FBI | Federal Bureau of Investigation (USA) |
| FCD | First Chief [Foreign Intelligence] Directorate, KGB |
| FCO | Foreign and Commonwealth Office (UK) |
| FLN | Front de Libération Nationale (Algeria) |
| FMLN | Farabundo Martí de Liberación Nacional (El Salvador) |
| FNLA | Frente Nacional de Libertação de Angola |
| FRAP | Frente de Acción Popular (Chile) |
| FRELIMO | Frente de Libertação de Moçambique |
| FRG | Federal Republic of Germany |
| FSB | Federalnaya Sluzhba Bezopasnosti: Russian security and intelligence service |
| FSLN | Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional (Nicaragua) |
| GCHQ | Government Communications Head-Quarters (British SIGINT Agency) |
| GDR | German Democratic Republic |
| GKNT | Gosudarstvennyi Komitet po Nauke i Tekhnologii: State Committee for Science and Technology |
| GPU | Gosudarstvennoe Politicheskoe Upravlenie: Soviet security and intelligence service (within NKVD, 1922-23) |
| GRU | Glavnoe Razvedyvatelnoe Upravlenie: Soviet Military Intelligence |
| GUGB | Glavnoe Upravlenie Gosudarstvennoi Bezopasnosti: Soviet security and intelligence service (within NKVD, 1934-43) |
| Gulag | Glavnoe Upravlenie Lagerei: Labour Camps Directorate |
| HUMINT | intelligence from human sources (espionage) |
| HVA | GDR foreign intelligence service |
| ICBM | intercontinental ballistic missile |
| ICP | Iraqi Communist Party |
| IDF | Israeli Defence Force |
| IMINT | imagery intelligence |
| INO | Inostrannyi Otdel: foreign intelligence department of Cheka/GPU/OGPU/GUGB, 1920-41; predecessor of INU |
| INU | Inostrannoe Upravlenie: foreign intelligence directorate of NKGB/GUGB/MGB, 1941-47 |
| IRA | Irish Republican Army |
| ISC | Intelligence and Security Committee (UK) |
| ISI | Pakistani Inter-Services Intelligence |
| JCP | Japanese Communist Party |
| JIC | Joint Intelligence Committee (UK) |
| JSP | Japanese Socialist Party |
| KDP | Kurdistan Democratic Party |
| KGB | Komitet Gosudarstvennoi Bezopasnosti: Soviet security and intelligence service (1954-91) |
| KHAD | Afghan security service |
| KI | Komitet Informatsii: Soviet foreign intelligence agency (1947-51), initially combining foreign intelligence directorates of MGB and GRU |
| KMT | Kuomintang (Chinese Nationalists) |
| Komsomol | Communist Youth League |
| KR Line | Counter-intelligence department in KGB residencies |
| KUTV | Kommunisticheskii Universitet Trudiashchikhsia Vostoka: Communist University of the Toilers of the East |
| LDP | Liberal Democratic Party (Japan) |
| LLB | live letter-box |
| MEISON | All-Ethiopian Socialist Movement |
| MGB | Ministerstvo Gosudarstvennoi Bezopasnosti: Soviet Ministry of State Security (1946-54) |
| MGIMO | Moscow State Institute for International Relations |
| MI5 | UK security service |
| MI6 | alternative designation for SIS (UK) |
| MITI | Ministry of International Trade and Industry (Japan) |
| MLSh | Mezhdunarodnaya Leninskaya Shkola: International Lenin School |
| MPLA | Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola |
| MVD | Ministerstvo Vnutrennikh Del: Soviet Ministry of Internal Affairs |
| N Line | illegal support department in KGB residencies |
| NAM | Non-Aligned Movement |
| NATO | North Atlantic Treaty Organization |
| NKGB | Narodnyi Kommissariat Gosudarstvennoi Bezopasnosti: Soviet security and intelligence service (1941-46; within NKVD, 1941-43) |
| NKVD | Narodnyi Kommissariat Vnutrennikh Del: People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs (incorporated state security, 1922-23, 1934-43) |
| NPUP | National Progressive Unionist Party (Egypt) |
| NSA | National Security [SIGINT] Agency (USA) |
| NSC | National Security Council (USA) |
| NSS | National Security Service (Somalia) |
| NSZRiS | People’s [anti-Bolshevik] Union for Defence of Country and Freedom |
| NTS | National Labour Alliance (Soviet émigré social-democratic movement) |
| OAU | Organization of African Unity |
| OGPU | Obedinennoe Gosudarstvennoe Politicheskoe |
| Upravlenie: Soviet security and intelligence service, 1923-34) | |
| Okhrana | Tsarist security service, 1881-1917 |
| OMS | Comintern international liaison department |
| OSS | Office of Strategic Services (USA) |
| OT | Operational Technical Support (FCD) |
| OUN | Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists |
| OZNA | Yugoslav security and intelligence service; predecessor of UDBA |
| PAIGC | Partido Africano da Independência da Guiné e Cabo Verde |
| PCA | Algerian Communist Party |
| PCF | French Communist Party |
| PCI | Italian Communist Party |
| PCP | Portuguese Communist Party |
| PDP | Partido del Pueblo (Panama) |
| PDPA | Afghan Communist Party |
| PDRY | People’s Democratic Republic of [South] Yemen |
| PFLP | Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine |
| PLO | Palestine Liberation Organization |
| PPP | Pakistan People’s Party |
| PR Line | political intelligence department in KGB residencies |
| PRI | Partido Revolucionario Institucional (Mexico) |
| PSOE | Spanish Socialist Party |
| PUK | Patriotic Union of Kurdistan |
| PUWP | Polish United Workers [Communist] Party |
| RCMP | Royal Canadian Mounted Police |
| RENAMO | Resistência Nacional Mocambicana |
| RYAN | raketno-yadernoe napadenie (nuclear missile attack) |
| SACP | South African Communist Party (previously CPSA) |
| SADUM | Central Asian Spiritual Directorate of Muslims |
| SALT | Strategic Arms Limitation Talks |
| SAM | Soviet surface-to-air missile |
| SB | Polish security and intelligence service |
| SCD | Second Chief [Internal Security and Counter-Intelligence] Directorate (KGB) |
| SDECE | French foreign intelligence service; predecessor of DGSE |
| SDI | US Strategic Defense Initiative (‘Star Wars’) |
| SDR | Somali Democratic Republic |
| SED | Socialist Unity [Communist] Party (GDR) |
| SIGINT | intelligence derived from interception and analysis of signals |
| SIN | Servicio de Inteligencia Nacional (Peru) |
| SIS | Secret Intelligence Service (UK) |
| SK Line | Soviet colony department in KGB residencies |
| SKP | Communist Party of Finland |
| SNASP | Serviço Nacional de Segurança Popular (Mozambique) |
| SNI | Serviço Nacional de Informações (Brazil) |
| SOE | Special Operations Executive (UK) |
| SPC | Sindh Provincial Committee |
| SPD | Social Democratic Party (FRG) |
| Spetsnaz | Soviet special forces |
| SR | Socialist Revolutionary |
| SRC | Supreme Revolutionary Council (Somalia) |
| SRSP | Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party |
| S&T | scientific and technological intelligence |
| Stapo | Austrian police security service |
| Stasi | GDR Ministry of State Security |
| Stavka | Wartime Soviet GHQ/high command |
| StB | Czechoslovak security and intelligence service |
| SVR | Sluzhba Vneshnei Razvedki: Russian (post-Soviet) foreign intelligence service |
| SWAPO | South-West Africa People’s Association |
| TUC | Trades Union Congress (UK) |
| UAR | United Arab Republic |
| UB | Polish security and intelligence service; predecessor of SB |
| UDBA | Yugoslav security and intelligence service |
| UNITA | União Nacional para a Independência Total de Angola |
| VPK | Voenno-promyshlennaya Komissiya: Soviet Military Industrial Commission |
| VTNRP | Voenno-Trudovaya Narodnaya Revolyutsionnaya Partiya: Military-Labour People’s Revolutionary Party; Russian name for anti-Chinese underground in XUAR |
| VVR | Supreme Military Council (anti-Bolshevik Ukrainian underground) |
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