The Year Without Summer (43 page)

“coldness and dryness…”: Skeen, p. 11.

“poison” and “intended by the bounty”: Stellhorn, “Governors,” p. 95.

“cause such restrictions…”: Skeen, p. 12.

“Something, it seemed…”: Stilwell,
Migration
, pp. 229–230.

“an earthly Paradise…”: Hatcher,
Western Reserve,
p. 71.

“rude, steep, and…”: Mussey, p. 449.

“some of the more…”: Hatcher, p. 73.

“consistently advanced…”: Mussey, p. 449.

“a kind of Paradise…”: ibid.

“the number of emigrants…”: Stommel,
Volcano
, pp. 96–97.

“On some days…”: ibid.

“the steam boat moves…”:
Niles’ Weekly Register
, November 16, 1816, p. 191.

“about 12 inches deep…”:
Connecticut Courant
, November 5, 1816.

“render the building…”: Skeen, p. 36.

“seemed to enjoy…”: Rutland,
Madison,
p. 237.

“a thousand Faults…”: Wood, p. 699.

“Dreadful weather…”: O’Connell,
Correspondence
, p. 121.

“There is not…”:
Times
(London), October 19, 1816.

“I saw one field…”: ibid.

“Before today…”: ibid.

“All the low grounds…”: ibid.

“I know not whether this…”: ibid.

“to an height unprecedented…”: ibid.

“Yesterday morning it overflowed…”: ibid.

“There is no crop…”: ibid.

“It was a miracle, he said…”: ibid.

“Let no one impose upon you…”: ibid.

“Since the first of this month…”: Peel to Liverpool, October 9, 1816, Peel Papers,
British Library Additional Manuscript 40291.

“Distress in this country…”: Parker, p. 235.

“the causes of the disease…”: ibid., p. 261.

“On such occasions…”: ibid.

“No persuasion…”: ibid.

“we also, Madame…”:
Times
(London)
,
November 11, 1816.

“We attach so little…”: Lewis, “Madame de Staël.” Also see Lewis, “Madame de Staël,”
Hudson Review
, pp. 416–426.

“All of you who…”: Fairweather, p. 458.

“France will be aground…”: Longford,
Wellington
, p. 36.

“general scarcity of…”:
Times
(London), October 14, 1816.

“in a deplorable state”:
Times
(London), October 26, 1816.

“Nothing but the utmost…”:
Times
(London), October 25, 1816.

“during the rigorous season…”:
Times
(London), October 17, 1816.

“God help me!…”: Moore,
Byron
(1838), p. 324.

“very fine, which is more…”: Moore, Byron (1830), p. 373.

“very intelligent and…”: ibid., p. 377.

“tolerably free from…”: ibid., p. 383.

“in some sort lax…”: ibid., p. 385.

“the oil and wine…”: Post,
Subsistence Crisis
, p. 24.

“most uncommonly”:
Times
(London), October 16, 1816.

“the immense loss…”:
Times
(London), November 3, 1816.

“inundation of…”:
Times
(London), November 9, 1816.

“from 1601 to 1926…”: Post,
Subsistence Crisis
, p. 17.

“wines rise daily…”:
Times
(London), October 11, 1816.

“The vintage is next to…”:
Times
(London), October 16, 1816.

“we shall soon have…”:
Times
(London), October 11, 1816.

“Every storm of the past…” Post,
Subsistence Crisis
, p. 18.

“Fields in the highland…”: ibid.

“immense rains”:
Gentleman’s Magazine
, November 1816, p. 452.

“the vineyard harvest…”: Trigo, p. 102.

“grapes have suffered…”: ibid.

“the house is kept…”:
Gentleman’s Magazine,
November 1816, p. 409.

“damp,” “discoloured,” and “materially injured”:
Times
(London), October 23, 1816.

“The unpropitious weather…”:
Times
(London), October 15, 1816.

“is as excessive as…”: ibid.

“such heavy rains as…”:
Times
(London), October 14, 1816.

“the crops have sustained…”: ibid.

“immense quantity of rain…”: ibid.

“the largest quantity of sheep…”:
Times
(London), November 12, 1816.

“The pastures were never…”:
Times
(London), October 17, 1816.

“the heavy and…”: ibid.

“seasons of scarcity…”:
Times
(London)
,
October 14, 1816.

10. E
MIGRATION

“because he had heard…”: Nokes,
Austen
, p. 498.

“The Revenue looks…”: Cookson,
Administration,
p. 91. Cookson also provides an excellent insight into the mind-set of the Liverpool
administration in pp. 90–129, passim.

“a vacuum was…”:
Quarterly Review
, July 1816, p. 566.

“I see no immediate…”: Cookson, p. 96.

“I am sorry that…”: Sraffa, p. 90.

“In this country, it generally happens…”:
Times
(London), November 7, 1816.

“The best way to…”:
Times
(London)
,
November 27, 1816.

“the gin-shop…”:
Times
(London), October 22, 1816.

“labouring poor” and “altering and…”:
Times
(London), November 27, 1816.

“the industrious poor”: ibid.

“650 men, women…”:
Times
(London), October 12, 1816.

“in a state of…”: ibid.

“had been partially bad…”: Adams, p. 453.

“through the Providence…”:
Times
(London), October 18, 1816.

“a Stormy Winter”: Cookson, p. 102.

“quietly and peaceably…”:
Times
(London), November 1, 1816.

“a most alarming…”:
Times
(London), October 22, 1816.

“I must also say…”: ibid.

“I am much afraid…”: ibid.

“a circumstance not…”:
Times
(London), November 16, 1816.

“Everything that concerned…”: Halévy, p. 16.

“the colours of the future…”: ibid.

“the British Bastille…”:
Times
(London), November 16, 1816.

“His Majesty was rather…”:
Times
(London), November 3, 1816.

“Tranquility reigns…”:
Gentleman’s Magazine
, November 1816, p. 450.

“strictly prohibiting…”:
Times
(London)
,
November 20, 1816.

“a great quantity…”:
Times
(London), November 25, 1816.

“the more surprising as many…”: ibid.

“This day, at one…”: quoted in
Times
(London), November 21, 1816.

“In reviewing the present state…”: Madison, “Eighth Annual Message,” December 3, 1816.

“Spanish insolence” and “If it was an…”: Moser,
Papers of Andrew Jackson
(Jackson to Edward Livingston, October 24, 1816), p. 71.

“So long as any part…”:
Times
(London), November 21, 1816.

“the effectual and early…”: Madison, “Eighth Annual Message.”

“If I have not…”: ibid.

“had the zealous support…”: Skeen, p. 230.

“inauspicious season” and “precarious times”: ibid., p. 89.

“I asked him if…”: Adams, p. 448.

“no other country…”: Cookson, pp. 104–5.

“A pot of beer…”: Spater,
Cobbett
, vol. II, p. 350.

“They sigh for a PLOT…”: ibid.

“the effects of such…”: Longford, p. 42.

“This past summer…”: Hoyt, p. 123.

“Warm month…”: Mussey, p. 446.

“Quite warm and pleasant”: ibid.

“the people appear to feel…”: ibid.

“I have seen some families…”: Lawrence,
Flagg
, p. 5.

“families on foot…”: Hatcher, p. 73.

“somewhat depressed by fatigue…”: Mussey, p. 451.

“Thousands of people…”: Mussey, p. 442.

11. R
ELIEF

“appears to us to have been…”:
National Register
, September 28, 1816, p. 70.

“whenever the electrical fluid…”: ibid.

“more universal and terrible…”: ibid., p. 71.

“All nature seems to declare…”: ibid.

“the causes of this…”:
Gentleman’s Magazine
, February 1817, p. 111.

“the removal of a…”: ibid.

“the Climate of England…”:
Gentleman’s Magazine
, February 18, 1818, p. 135.

“for fifty years past…”:
American Atheneum
, I, 1817, p. 43.

“has extended its empire…”: ibid.

“It seems very strange…”:
Daily National Intelligencer,
September 3, 1816.

“That God has expressed His displeasure…”: Mussey, p. 442.

“from town to town…”: Stilwell, p. 136.

“Fair, the coldest day…”: Mussey, p. 446.

“a circumstance rarely…”: ibid.

“the Barometer [was] as low…”: ibid., p. 447.

“the Overseers of the Poor…”:
Eastern Argus
, May 18, 1817.

“Many charge it…”: Day,
Maine Agriculture
, p. 111.

“New England seemed to many…”: Hatcher, p. 70.

“We have had a great deal…”: Mussey, p. 447.

“At last a kind of despair…”: Goodrich, vol. II, p. 79.

“Hardly a family…”: Hatcher, p. 72.

“he himself met on the road…”: Boggess,
Illinois,
p. 119.

“there are now in this village…”: ibid., p. 119.

“Old America seems to be…”: ibid., p. 119.

“we found some of the…”: Lawrence, p. 6.

“there are many things…”: ibid., p. 5.

“I find the Country…”: ibid., p. 3.

“the weather is warm…”: ibid., p. 6.

“ruinous emigration of…”: Mussey, p. 449.

“a great loneliness”: Hatcher, p. 73.

“The bad things…”: Lawrence, pp. 7–8.

“glasses, cups and hollow ware…”: Hatcher, p. 85.

“are the most ignorant…”: Lawrence, p. 3.

“they spotted the…”: Stilwell, pp. 141–2.

“amazingly increased…”: Priestly,
Prince
, p. 187.

“no report was heard…”: Adams, p. 465.

“the general spirit…”: Priestly, p. 187.

“unless some efficacious check…”: Boyer,
Poor Law
, p. 196.

“a significant new departure…”: Flinn, “Poor Employment Act,” p. 92.

“air and exercise…”: Honan, p. 393.

“I have had a…”: Austen, Jane to Caroline, March 23, 1817.

“You could not eat…”: Post,
Subsistence Crisis
, p. 41.

“Beggars, very numerous…”: Simond,
Switzerland
, p. 9.

“were chiefly children…”: Raffles,
Letters
, p. 156.

“one hundred thousand souls…”: Simond, p. 10.

“The excessive price of bread…”: Post,
Subsistence Crisis
, p. 82.

“The zeal and firmness…”: ibid., p. 95.

“all sensible people…”: Hugo,
Les Misérables
, p. 121.

“boarded and rendered…”:
Liverpool Mercury
, April 4, 1817.

“rob the crew of…”: ibid.

“collected in some thousands…”: ibid.

“A more complete plunder…”: ibid.

“there was therefore no…”:
Morning Chronicle
, March 8, 1817.

“frequently did more harm…”: ibid.

“Several cargoes of oats…”:
Bury and Norwich Post
, March 26, 1817.

“nearly one-quarter of the…”: Post,
Subsistence Crisis
, p. 64.

“the paleness of…”: ibid., p. 91.

“a wild, benumbed…”: ibid.

“the number of beggars…”: Simond, pp. 91–2.

“many distressed people…”: ibid., p. 93.

“crimes multiply…”: ibid., p. 77.

“the perpetually increasing crowd…”:
Times
(London), May 9, 1817.

“The general impression…”: ibid.

“one for setting fire…”: Simond, p. 92.

“There is nothing Arcadian…”: ibid.

“Neither sentries nor bailiffs…”: Post,
Subsistence Crisis
, p. 92.

“reminded them of their…”: Schelbert,
Swiss Migration
, p. 230.

“The Rhine rots with…”: Knapton,
The Lady
, p. 178.

“It is a disgraceful…”: Ford,
Life and Letters
, p. 263.

“ruined figures, scarcely…”: Post,
Subsistence Crisis
, p. 44.

“beggars appeared from…”: ibid., p. 89.

“persons who looked like…”: ibid., pp. 89–90.

“A contagious malady…”:
Times
(London), April 23, 1817.

“her abhorred and…”: Jones,
Percy Shelley
, p. 521.

“simply with us…”: ibid., p. 540.

“You will have heard…”: ibid.

“At present we have little else…”: ibid., p. 545.

E
PILOGUE

“History will state…”: Benson,
Letters
, pp. 66–7.

“the time and energy…”: Twomey,
Atmospheric
, p. 290.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

N
EWSPAPERS AND
P
ERIODICALS

UNITED
KINGDOM
:

Aberdeen Journal

Asiatic Journal

Bury and Norwich Post

Caledonian Mercury

The Gentlemen’s Magazine

Ipswich Journal

Lancaster Gazette

Liverpool Mercury

Morning Chronicle
(London)

The Quarterly Journal of Science and the Arts

Quarterly Review

Royal Cornwall Gazette

The Times
(London)

UNITED
STATES
AND
CANADA
:

Albany Advertiser

Albany Argus

American Advocate
(Hallowell, Maine)