Ultimate Explanations of the Universe (27 page)

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Authors: Michael Heller

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14.
http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/readfile?fk_files=206453&pageno=78
 
15.
http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/readfile?fk_files=206453&pageno=78
 
16. M. Planck, “Das Prinzip der kleinsten Wirkung,”
Kultur der Gegenwart
, Leipzig: B.G. Teubner, 1915 .
 
17.
Monadologie
40
http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/pdf/leibmon.pdf
 
18.
Monadologie
41
http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/pdf/leibmon.pdf
 
19. G.W. Leibniz,
On the True Theologia Mystica. Philosophical Papers and Letters
, ed. and trans. Leroy Loemker, Reidel, 1969 ,p. 368 .
 
20. Leibniz’s third letter to Clarke, 25 February 1716 , 6 . Trans. Jonathan Bennett.
http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/pdf/leibclar.pdf
 
21. Ibid. 4.
 
22. We may assume that by writing about things that are “coexistent”Leibniz meant “simultaneous.”However in the above quotation he did not want to use the word “simultaneous,”since simultaneity cannot have a sense until it is specified what is meant by “time.”Andrzej Staruszkiewicz and I have published our reading of Leibniz’s polemic with Clarke in “Polemika Leibniza z Clarke’iem w świetle współczesnej fizyki,”[Leibniz’s Polemic with Clarke in the Light of Modern Physics]
Wieczność, czas, kosmos
[Eternity, Time, Cosmos (in Polish)], Kraków: Znak, 1995 , pp. 41 –54 .
 
23. For more on this subject, see my book
Filozofiai Wszechświat
[Philosophy and the Universe (in Polish)], Kraków: Universitas, 2006, especially Part II.
 
24.
Theodicée
http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/readfile?fk_files=206453&pageno=82
 
25. M. Dummett, What Is Mathematics About?”
Philosophy of Mathematics. An Anthology
, ed. D. Jacquette, Oxford: Blackwell, 2002 , pp. 19 –29, quoted from p. 22 .
 
CHAPTER 19
1. I discussed this problem more extensively in Chap. 20 of my book
Granice kosmosuikosmologii
[The Boundaries of the Cosmos and Cosmology (in Polish)], Warszawa: Scholar, 2005 . For more see R. Geroch, G.T. Horowitz, “Global Structure of Spacetime,”
General Relativity. An Einstein Centenary Survey
, eds. S.W. Hawking, W. Israel, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979, pp. 212 –293.
 
2. In the theory of relativity an object’s length depends on the choice of a reference system; so we are not talking about the length of the curve but the possibility of its extension in a strictly defined sense.
 
3. It is assumed that no domain has been artificially removed from this space-time. This assumption is of course given a mathematical formulation.
 
4. At least that’s what it seemed at the time when the singularity theorems were being formulated. Currently opinions on “what is physically realistic”i n very early stages of the universe’s evolution have undergone a significant change (see below).
 
5. S. Hawking, G. Ellis,
The Large-Scale Structure of Space-Time
, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973 ,p. 364.
 
6. I have written more extensively on the singularities and the latest research on them in “Cosmological Singularity and the Creation of the Universe,”
Creative Tension
, Philadelphia & London: Templeton Foundation Press, 2003 , pp. 79–99 .
 
7. Which we may do only for the sake of discussion, since it can hardly be assumed that in very dense states of the universe gravitation will not manifest its quantum features.
 
CHAPTER 20
1. S.C. Morris.
Life’s Solution. Inevitable Humans in a Lonely Universe
, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003 ,p. 12 .
 
2. We made some preliminary remarks on this subject in Chap. 12.
 
3. I have written more extensively on this subject in Chap. 3 of my book
Filozofia i Wszechświat
[Philosophy and the Universe (in Polish)], Kraków: Universitas, 2006 .
 
4. See, for instance, M. Rédei, S.J. Summers, “Quantum Probability Theory,”
Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics
38 , 2007, pp. 390 –417.
 
5. Cf. D.V. Voiculescu, K. Dykema, A. Nica,
Free Random Variables
, CRM Monograph Series, Vol. 1, American Mathematical Society, Providence, 1992 .
 
6. E. McMullin, “Evolutionary Contingency and Cosmic Purpose,”
Studies in Science and Theology
5 , 1997 , pp. 91– 112; the quoted passage is on pp. 106–107 .
 
7. Ibid.
 
CHAPTER 21
1. R.L. Kuhn, “Why This Universe? Toward a Taxonomy of Possible Explanations,”
Skeptic
13, No. 2 , 2007, pp. 28 –39.
 
2. Ibid., p. 28 .
 
3. English translation © Jonathan Bennett
http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/pdf/leibphg.pdf
 
4. Leibniz regards his monadology as the foundation of physics, but in fact it is a purely metaphysical doctrine.
 
5. Op. cit. 7 . Parts of sentence originally stressed by Leibniz italicised in the translation.
 
6. Ibid.
 
7. Ibid., 8 .
 
8. Cf.
The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy,
,
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/nothingness
 
9. We don't even have a statement to say that nothing exists, for there is no-one capable of formulating such a statement.
 
10. Cf. footnote 19 in the cited article by R.L. Kuhn.
 
11. However, we should not forget that mathematics is not just a language; I have written on this subject in
Filozofia i Wszechświat
[Philosophy and the Universe (in Polish)], Kraków: Universitas, 2006 (see especially Chaps. 5 and 6 ).
 
12. W.V. Quine, “On What There Is.”
From a Logical Point of View
, Harvard University Press, 1964 ,p. 16.
 
13. P. van Inwagen, “Why Is There Anything At All?”
Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society
70 , 1996 , pp. 95–110 .
 
14. Of course we could define the probability distribution function in the set of all universes (on condition that it exists in that set – see in Chap. 12 Sect. 3 ) in such away as to define the probability of the occurrence of an empty world as zero – but that would be begging the question.
 
15. H. Eilstein,
Bibliawreku ateisty
(in Polish), Wydawnictwo IFiS PAN: Warszawa, 2006 . The book does not appear to have been published in an English translation up to now (2009 ).
 
16. All the passages cited in this sub-chapter come from pp. 115 to 117 in Eilstein’s book.
 
EPILOGUE
1. J.A. Kloczowski, “Teologia negatywna – miaądzy dialektyk a ( a mistyka ( ,”[Negative Theology: Between Dialectics and Mysticism (in Polish)]
Znak
No. 613, 2006, pp. 71–94.
 
2. The aim of cataphatic theology, the reverse of apophatic theology, is to make a positive statement on God.
 
3. L. Wittgenstein,
Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
, English translation by D.F. Pears and B.F. McGuinness, Project Gutenberg online edition
http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext04/tloph10.txt
 
Index
A
Abbott, L.F.
Albrecht, Andreas
Alexander of Hales
Anselm of Canterbury
Anthropic principles
Anthropocentrism; anthropomorphism
Aristobulus (Philh ellenos)
Aristotle
Ashtekar, Abhay
Augustine of Hippo, St
Averroes
B
Background radiation
Bafaluy, J.
Balbinot, R.
Bałuk- Ulewiczowa, Teresa, vi
Bandstra, Barry L.
Barrow, Isaac
Barrow, John
Basil the Great , St
Bass , R.W.
Bennett, Jonathan
Bentley, Richard
Bergia, S.
Berkeley, George, Bishop
Bertotti
B. Bible
Bigaj, Tomasz F.
Big Bang
Black holes
Boehme, Jakob
Boethius of Dacia
Boltzmann, Ludwig
Bonaventure, St
Bondi, Hermann
Boundary conditions
Brout, Robert
Burbidge, Eleanor
Burbidge, Geoffrey
C
Cahan, D.
Cajori , Florian
Carathéodory , Constantin
Carbon, generation and chemistry of
Carnap, Rudolf
Carr, Bernard
Carter, Brandon
Cassirer, Ernst
Cauchy, Augustin Louis
Causality
Chalcidius
Chalmers, Alan Francis
Chaos, Greek concept of
Chaotic inflation
See
 
see
Cosmo logical models, Linde's modelClarke Samuel
Clausius, Rudolf
Clement of Alexandria
Clerke, Agnes Mary
Cohen, I. Bernard
Collins, William
Contingency
Contradiction, principle of; noncontradiction; self-contradiction
Copernicus, Nicolaus
Cosmological constant
Cosmological models
Albrecht and Steinhardt's model
Bondi and Gold's model
See
 
see
Steady-state theory/modelclosed
model
de Sitter’s model
Einstein’s first (static) model
expanding model
Friedman's model
Gödel's model
Gott and Li's model
Hartle -Hawking model
Hoyle’s model
See
 
see
Steady- state theory/ modelinflationary model
Linde's model
open model
oscillating model
Smolin's model
standard model
Tolman's model
Cotes, Roger
Coyne, George V.
Creation of the universe
creationism ; creation science
quantum creation
theology of creation
Curley,Edwin M.
Cycles and cyclicity;cyclical universe
D
Darwin,Charles Robert
Davidson,W.
Davies,M.
Davies,P.C.W.
Deism
Demiurge
Democritus of Abdera
Descartes,René,(Cartesius)
Determinism, principle of
DeWitt, Bryce Seligman
Dicke,Robert H.
Differential equations(setof)
Dingle, Herbert
Dionysius the Areopagite
Dirac,Paul Adrien Maurice
Domain universes
Döppler, Christian Andreas
Dummett, Michael
DunsScotus, John,Bl
Dykema,K.J.
E
Earman,John
Eddington, Arthur Stanley
Eilstein, Helena
Einstein, Albert
Einstein's field equations
Ellis,George Francis Rayner
Emanationism
Empedocles of Acragas
Englert,F
Entropy
Eternity and aneternal world,concepts of
Euclid
Evolution (biological)
Evolution (cosmic)
Expansion; expanding universe
Experimentum crucis
F
Falsification
Feynman, Richard Phillips
Fichte, Johann Gottlieb
Flatness and curvature
Fowler, William
Friedman, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich
Fundamentalinteractions (forces)
Fundamentalist Creationism
(Christian)
Funkenstein, Amos
G
Galen (ClaudiusGalenus)
Galileo (GalileoGalilei)
Gamow, George
Gefter,A.
General theory of relativity
Gerhardt,Carl Immanuel
Geroch,Robert
Gödel,Kurt
God(Judaeo-Christian); the First Cause;
the Prime Mover;the Creator; the
Infinite Being; Grand Architect
Gold,Thomas
Gott,J.Richard
Grand Unifying (Unification) Theories
(Theory of Everything, Final Theory)
Gravitation; gravitational force;
gravitational field
Gregory of Nazianzus,St
Griffin, Charles
Grua, Gaston
Grünewald, Matthias
Gunzig, Edgard
Guth, Alan H.
H
Hajduk, Zygmunt
Hamilton, William Rowan
Hartle, Jim
Hawking, Stephen W.
Heat(thermal)deathof the universe
Hegel,Georg Wilhelm Friedrich
Heisenberg, Werner Karl
Heller,Michal(Michael)
Helmholtz,Hermann
Heraclitus of Ephesus
Hermas
Hertog,Thomas
Higgs,Peter
History of science
Hooykaas, Reijer
Horizon (Cauchy)
Horowitz,G.T.
Hoyle,Fred
Hubble,Edwin
Huggard,E.M.
Hume,David
I
Idealism
Infinity
Inflation
Initial conditions(inmodels of the universe)
Intelligent design
Inwagen,Petervan
Irenaeus of Lyons,St
Isham, Chris J.
Israel,W.
J
Jacquette,Dale
Johannes Duns Scotus
See
 
see
DunsScotus, John Jou,David
JustinMartyr,St
K
Kannengiesser,C.
Kant,Immanuel
Kepler,Johannes
Kerszberg,P.
Klimek,Zbigniew
Kloczowski,JanAndrzej
Koyre´,Alexandre
Kragh,Helge
Kubin,D.
Kuhn,Robert Lawrence
L
Lahee,Angela
Lakatos,Imre
Lanczos,Cornelius
Lebesgue,Henri Léon
Leibniz,Gottfried Wilhelm
Lemaître, Georges
Leslie,John
Liana,Zbigniew
Liddle,A.
Lightfoot,Joseph Barber
Li,Li-Xin
Linde,Andrey D.
Loemker,Leroy
Logical inference
łomnicki,Adam
Longair,Malcolm
Lorentz,HendrikAntoon
Lucretius(TitusLucretiusCarus)
M
Mach,Ernst
Mączka,Janusz
Manicheans
Marxism
Materialism
Mathematicalandexperimentalmethod
Mathematicalstructure
Maxwell,JamesClerk
McCabe,Gordon
McCrea,William
McGuiness,Brian F.
McMullin,Ernan
Measure,measuringandmeasurement
Mehlberg,Henry
Melli,DomenicoBertoloni
Messina,A.
Metaphysics
Moltmann,Jürgen
Morris,SimonConway
Moses the Biblical Prophet
Moses Maimonides
Mössbauer,Rudolf Ludwig
Mott,Andrew
Multiverse
Murphy,Nancey
N
Narlikar,Jayant V.
Naturalselection(cosmological;of universes)
Neo-Platonism
Neo-Positivism
Neumann,Carl
Newton,Isaac
Nica,Alexandru
Nietsche,FriedrichWilhelm
Nozick,RobertAlan0
Nucleogenesis;nucleosynthesis
Nullcurves
O
Ockham,William
OmnipotenceofGod
Origen
Ostrowski,Michal
Outler,Albert C.
P
Panentheism
Pantheism
Pathintegrals
PaultheApostle,St
Pavón,D.
Pears,David Francis
Penrose,Roger
Penzias,Arno
PeterDamian,St
Petersen,William Lawrence
Philosophy
Greek
of science
Planck,Max
Planck’sthreshold
Plato
Poincaré,JulesHenri
Popper,Karl
Porphyry
Positivism
Pound,Robert V.
Probability
Protagoras of Abdera
Pseudo-DionysiustheAreopagite
Ptolemy,Claudius
Pythagoras
Q
Quantum gravitation,theory of
Quantumphysics
Quantumvacuum
Quasars
Quine,Willard Van Orman
R
Randomevents(chance)
Rankine,William John Macquorn
Rationalism
Ratzinger,Joseph
RebkaJr.,Glen A.
Recurrence(recurrence theorem)
Rédei,Miklós
Red shift(Döppler effect)
Rees,Martin
Reichenbach,Hans
Relativistic(vs.steady-state)cosmology
Renckens,Henricus
Riemann,GeorgFriedrichBernhard
Robb,AlfredArthur
Robertson,HowardPercy
Roger,C.
Roush,Sherrilyn
Russell,Bertrand
Russell,C.A.
Russel,Robert J.
Ryle,Martin
S
Salam,Abdus
Schelling,FriedrichWilhelmJoseph
von
Scheuer,P.A.G.
Schilpp,PaulArthur
Schmidt,M.
Scholasticism
Schopenhauer,Arthur
Schrödinger,Erwin
Schrödinger’swave equation
Seeliger,Hugo von
Shapley,Harlow
Sierotowicz,Tadeusz M.
Singularities
Sitter,Wilhelm de
Situational logic
Skoczny,Włodzimierz
Slipher,Vesto
Smith,George,E.
Smolin,N.Lee
Socrates
So-Young-Pi
Space-like curves
Space-time
Special theory of relativity
Spinoza,Baruch
Staruszkiewicz,Andrzej
Steady-statetheory/model
Steinhardt,Paul J.
Stockum,Willem Jacob van
Stoeger,William R.
Sufficient reason,principle of
Sullivan,W.T.
Summers,S.J.
Superstring theory(M-theory)
Suszycki,Leszek
Szczerba,Wojciech
Szydlowski,M.

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