Voices of Islam (120 page)

Nafs
(self): ablution and, 19; evil and reality of, 133; over coming of evil by, 137; purification of, 136; spiritual engagement and, 167

Najaf, 121

Naqshbandi, 59

Nasr, Hossein, 131–38

National development, as grounds for Jihad, 208

National threat, as grounds for combative Jihad, 214

Nature, evil and, 134

Nawafil
(supererogatory prayers), 38– 41

Al-Nawawi, Abu Zakariyya Yahiya Ibn Sharaf (Imam), 211

Nazim Adil al Haqqani, Muhammad (Shaykh), 25–26

Nearness.
See Qurb
(nearness)

Negation: evil and, 138; remembrance of God, 63–64

Nestorian Christians, 165 n.6 Niche, 36, 47 n.30

Nida
(call upon God), 10–11 Night of Ascension, 18

Night vigil.
See Qiyam al-layl
(night vigil)

99 Beautiful Names and Attributes of God, 10, 18, 28, 61, 130, 140–41

Niyya
(intention): differences of, 65; evil and, 133–34; in prayer, 29

Noah, 22

Noble Burial Chamber of God’s Most Honored Envoy, 81, 97

Noncombatants, prohibition on killing, 241, 243–44, 246–48

Nonexistence, symbolism in prayer cycle, 21

Non-Muslim nations, religious free- dom for Muslims in, 228

Non-Muslims: covenanters, 217; forced conversion of, 217–18; Islam’s history of protecting, 218– 19; Jihad in self-defense against, 225; ongoing war against, 232–35;

relationship with, 231–32, 235; religious freedom for, 215–17, 227

Noon prayers.
See Zuhr
(noon prayers) Nuri, Abu’l Husayn, 159–61

Obedience, servanthood and, 45 Obligations, poor-due, 15 Ontology of evil, 131–32

272
Index

Original sin, 137; primordial nature and, 136

Ornamentation, of heart, 26–27 Ottoman Empire: Arab Shiite

communities, 121; Shiite

communities, 121

Ottoman period, Medina, 90–91 Overcoming of evil, self and, 137

Pahlavi dynasty, 119

Palestine, 186, 189

Palestinian emigration, 191

Paradise, 21, 163; garden of, 81;

prostrations and, 31 Parents, permission from, for

combative Jihad, 238

Peace, obligation to seek, 239–40 Peace: Sufi Way, 157–69; true person

of
dhikr,
64–65

Peace treaties, 239, 240 Penance, ‘Ashura rituals, 122 People of the
Qibla,
23–24

People of the Book: religious freedom for, 215–17, 227
See also
Non- Muslims

Perfection, vs imperfection in evil, 135 Perfection of prayer, 41–44

Persian elite culture, 120–21 Persian Sufis, 58

Pilgrimage: Abraham and, 1–4; Abraham and Ishmael proclamation of, 2
See also
Hajj (pilgrimage)

Pilgrims: Call of Abraham and, 2–3; Medina and, 80

Pillar of religion, ritual prayer as, 12 Pillars of Delegations, 83

Poems, Sufi personal account, 184 Poetry.
See Diwan
(poetry collection),

singing of

Political authority: as condition for declaring combative Jihad, 219–24 rebellion against, prohibition of, 239, 249–52

Political legitimacy, Karbala and Iranian, 119

Political processes, caliphs selection, 114

Pollution, evil and, 134 Polytheism, 31, 75–76

Polytheists, 216, 229

Poor-due obligations.
See Zakat
(char- ity)

Positions of prayer, 29–30; inner meaning, 33–34

Practice of the Prophet.
See Sunan al mu’akkada
(practice of the Prophet)

Prajn˜a Paramita Sutra, 54–55 Prayer(s), 9–46; of Abraham, 2;

ascension to Divine, 42–44; ascension to servanthood, 45–46; in daily life, 34–35; direction faced in, 21–22; Divine Service and, 43–45; Friday noon prayer, 35; fundamentals, 29; image of Prophet at, 48; at Ka‘ba, poem, 7–8; mosques and communal, 35; perfection of, 41–44; positions, 29–30, 33–34; primary aims of, 13–14; Prophetic pattern of, 15–16; Prophet’s Mosque, 81; response to Creator, 9–

10; as ritual, 11; sincere, 36–38; supererogatory, 38–41; times of daily ritual, 20–22; in traditions of the Prophet, 14; two forms, 10; of women at shrine, 106–9
See also Salat
(ritual prayer)

Prayer bead(s), 140; levels of recitation, 146; Sufi practice, 146–50

Prayer cycles, 30, 48 n.38

Predestination, 134–35 Premeditation, evil and, 138 Presence.
See Hadra
(presence) Presence of the Lord, 45

Primordial nature.
See Fitra
(primordial nature)

Prisoners of war, 249–50 Procreation, physical energy, 19 Prohibited.
See Haram
(prohibited) Prohibited Mosque.
See
Al-Masjid al-

Haram (Prohibited Mosque)

Prophet: ascensions of, 42; connection with, 62; family graves, 84–85;
hijra
to Medina, 75–76; image at prayer, 49; intercessory prayers of, 27; leader

Index
273

of circle of lovers, 23; pleas for mediation, 82; prayers in traditions of, 14; Sufi prayer and, 43; supernatural observations of, 78; tomb of, 77;
‘ubudiyya
(servanthood), 34; wives’ houses, 83
See also
Muhammad

Prophethood, 62

Prophetic pattern of prayer, 15–16 Prophets house, 81

Prophet’s Mosque, 4, 27, 77, 86; history, 83–84; personal account, 80–82

Prostration(s): covering of gaze, 25; and nearness, 153–54; prayer and, 29, 31–35, 44

Pseudo-Dionysius, 160 Public mourning, Muharram

processions, 118

Public religious practices, Shiite, 111 Punishment, of evil by God, 136–37 Purification: of ego, 136; level of secret

and, 23; ritual prayer precondition, 16–17; spiritual significance, 18–23

Purity, covering and, 25

Al Qaeda, 230

Qajar dynasty, 119

Al-qalb
(heart), 125–30

Al-Qaradawi, Yusuf: on Jihad, 217; on 9/11 suicide attacks, 246

Qibla
(direction), 21–22, 92; people

of, 22–23; worshiper focus, 22 Qirafi, on authority to declare

combative Jihad, 221

Qiyam al-layl (night vigil), 38–40 Quba, 79

Qur’an: Adam’s forehead and, 32; on appearance, 28; on conditions for combative Jihad, 214, 225–27, 228; on covering, 25;
dhikr
of Allah, 60– 61; on enmity, 232; on God as light, 27; on Ka‘ba, 1–2, 21–22; on killing,

243; on light, 108; on mosques, 35; on peace, 163; on peace-seeking, 239–40; personal letter, 184; prayer,

9–10, 29–30, 43–45; on prisoners of

war, 249; Prophetic practice and, 15; on purification, 16–17; recitation, 29, 39, 57, 59–60; on religion, 158; on
salat,
11–14; on suicide, 244; on sunset and afterlife, 21; union with Beloved, 163; Verse of the Veil, 25; on women, 168

Qur’anic illumination, fear, love and knowledge in, 139–40

Quraysh tribe, 98 n.11, 123 n.1, 233–

34

Qurb
(nearness): ascension in Sufi prayer, 43; prostrations and, 153–

54

Al-Qurtubi, Abu ‘Abdullah, 11, 32

Al-Rabb
(Lord), as Divine Name, 158 Rafael (Archangel), 32

Raka‘at
(ritual prayer cycles), 14 Ramadan fast, breaking account,

Medina, 85–86

Raqs
(dance): Sufi, 57, 58–59; Sufi

practice, 146–50

Rawzat al-shuhada’
(Garden of the Martyrs) (Kashifi), 118–19

Reality: God punishment of evil, 137; Muhammadan, 28; supreme good and, 131

Rebellion: ‘Ashura political symbolism, 112; against political authority, prohibition of, 239, 249–52; Shiite

Imams and, 115

Rebirth, symbolism in prayer cycle, 20– 21

Recitation: prayer beads level of, 146;
Rawzat al-shuhada’
and mourning, 118–19

Recitation of Qur’an: night vigil, 39; prayer fundamental, 29; Sufi, 59–60

Refuseniks, 63–64 Relativity, of evil, 133

Religion(s): history of darkening of, 132; love and, 157; sacralizing patterns of, 136; as submission, 158

Religious authority, caliphs vs Imams, 114

274
Index

Religious education, Medina and, 90 Religious freedom: and Jihad, 214,

227–29; for non-Muslims, 215–17,

227

Remembrance.
See Dhikr

(remembrance)

Renaissance
(journal): on authority to declare combative Jihad, 221–22; on guerrilla war as combative Jihad, 231

Repentance, 128; as attitude of fear, 139; as emotion of heart, 128;

impurity and, 27

Repetition of Names of God: heart and, 126; opening of heart and, 130

Responding to call, 2–3 Resurrection: death, 140; dust of

prayers, 31

Revelation: belief, 63–64; world as, 131

Revolution, Arab society, 188 Revolution of 1936, 189

Rightly-Guided Caliphs, 114, 115

Rigor, 139–40

Ritual(s): ablution spiritual significance, 17; ‘Ashura, 112, 121– 22; of call to prayer, 3–4; of daily prayer, 15–16; greeting of the mosque, 81; of Hajj, 2–3; Iran and importance of, 119–20; mourning

and Karbala, 117–18; of purification, 16–18;
Rawzat Khani
as mourning, 118–19; Safavid dynasty and Shiite, 118;
Shabih (ta‘ziya) Khani,
119; Shiite and Karbala battle, 116

Ritual prayer.
See Salat
(ritual prayer)

Rub
(spirit), lover as, 161

Ruh
(soul): engagement with, 167; reformation of, 141–42; three stages of fear in, 139

Rules of Leadership (
ahkam al- imama
), 219–20

Rumi, Mevlana Jalaluddin, 59

Saban-i-Veli, Shaykh, 64–65 Sacralization of life, religion and, 136 Safavid dynasty, Arab Shiite

communities, 121

Safavid Dynasty, Shiite rituals, 118 Saints, fear and, 141–42

Salam
(peace), 163–64

Al-Salam
(the Peacemaker), 163

Salat
(ritual prayer), 10, 11; covering of gaze, 25; history of, 14; Merton interest in, 153–54; obligatory, 9,

12–14; Prophetic pattern of, 15–16; Prophet instruction in, 14;
shari‘a
and, 12–17; sincere, 36–38; as summit of worship, 41

Saleem, Shezhad, 230–31 Sale of self to God, 169–70

Salman, Companion of the Prophet, 39

Salman, Nusiyya bint, 171 Salvation:
Rawza Khani
and, 119;

servitude purchase of, 169–70 Sanity, ritual prayer and, 12–13 Sarah, 1

Sarakhsi, on authority to declare combative Jihad, 221

Satan, 19–20, 42

Al-Sawanih
(Auspicious Omens) (al- Ghazali), 161

Sawm
(fasting), ritual prayer, 41 Sayyid Sabiq: on authority to declare

combative Jihad, 222; on defensive Jihad, 225; on Muhammad’s position on combative
jihad,
212– 14; on peace-seeking obligation, 239; on relationship of Muslims and non-Muslims, 232

Scantification, purpose of life and, 141– 42

Scholarly visits, to al-Yashrutiyya, 178 Scholars, Qur’an meaning and, 60 Schools of Islamic jurisprudence:

covering and, 25; purification rituals, 16; supererogatory prayers and, 38

Schuon, Frithjof, 140

Scientists, remembrance of God, 63 Secessionists.
See Khawarij

(secessionists) Secret.
See Sirr
(secret)

Secret of the Secret.
See Sirr al-sirr

(Secret of the Secret)

Index
275

Sects.
See Madhahib
(sects)

Seekers: essential emptiness, 149–50; essential nothingness, 155; People of
Qibla,
21–23; women as symbol of, 26

Self.
See Nafs
(self)

Self, struggle against, as Jihad, 207, 252–53

Self-defense, as grounds for combative Jihad, 224–26

Self-inflicted pain, ‘Ashura rituals and, 122

Self-mortification, ‘Ashura rituals and, 121

Self-pride, prostration and, 31 Self-purification, appearance, 28

Self-sufficiency, as Divine Attribute, 158

Sensory nature, transformation spiritual things into, 129

Separation, evil as, 131 Sermons.
See Khutba
(sermon) Servant.
See ‘Abd
(slave)

Servanthood.
See ‘Ubudiyya

(servanthood)

Servitude.
See ‘Ubudiyya
(servanthood) Seventh Heaven, 21

Sexual connotations, Sufi terms, 164 n.3

Al-Shadhili Abu al-Hasan, 43, 176 Shadhiliyya Sufi order, 190; scholarly

visits, Yashrutiyya, Palestine, 178 Shadhiliyya Sufi order: method, 194–

95

Shadhiliyya tariqa, 176

Al-shahada
(faith): obligation of prayer in, 9; ritual prayer, 42

Shame, servitude and, 169 Sharbini, on authority to declare

combative Jihad, 221

Shari‘a:
ritual prayer and, 12–17; Rules of Leadership, 219–20

Al-Sharqiyya, Surayra, 172 Shaykh, as Sufi extinction, 193 Shi‘a, meaning of term, 114 Shi‘ism: divisions, 113; political

influence, 114; spread of, 120

Shiite(s), 85; ‘Ashura in, 111–22; communal identity and ‘Ashura, 112; meaning of term, 114; Medina

indigenous, 93; revolts of, 94; rituals development, 118; Safavid dynasty and, 118

Shiraz, Iran, shrine visit, 105–9 Shoes, 36

Shrine(s): in Medina, 89; Najaf and Karbala, 121; Shiraz personal account, 105–9
See also
Mosque(s); Tomb(s)

Silat, salat
and, 11 Sincere prayer, 36–38 Singing of diwan, 57–58

Sinners, God sending to Hell, 134–35 Sins, rejection and Ka‘ba, 22

Sirr al-sirr
(Secret of the Secret), 24

Sirr
(secret): heart, 128; kinds of, 129; level of, 23; prostration, 31; Sufi

master and, 194; world of, 126 Sitting: prayer fundamental, 29; prayer

position symbolism, 34

Slave(s): of Christ and of God, 170; glory in servitude, 170; of God as Sufi women, 171; Muslim as being, 44–45