What is Life?:How chemistry becomes biology (26 page)

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abiogenesis 126, 182

Allen, Woody 50, 167

alien life 178

Altman, Sydney 105

archaea 3, 89

Aristotle 32, 33

autocatalysis 62–5, 68, 151

bacteria 90

bacterial diversity 23, 24

Bohr, Niels 36

Brenner, Sydney 53

catalysis 61, 62, 151, 152

Cech, Thomas 105

chemical reactions 58

chemotaxis 15–16 chirality 27, 28

Chyba, Christopher 41

Ciechanover, Aaron 22

Cleland, Carol 41

competitive exclusion principle 128

complexity 4

consciousness 177

Conway, John 119

Cornish-Bowden, Athel 57

Crick, Francis 54, 55, 83

cyanobacteria 74, 75

Darwinian theory 8, 34, 35, 112, 113, 117, 183, 184

Dawkins, Richard 4, 76

death 170

De Duve, Christian 108

definition of life 40, 164

Delbrück, Max 88

dissipative structure 118

diversity 171

DNA 38, 69, 151

dynamic kinetic stability (DKS) 73, 75, 78, 141, 144–6, 149, 150, 164, 166–9, 172

dynamic stability 71

Dyson, Freeman 103

earth’s age 87

Eigen, Manfred 142, 143

Einstein, Albert 47

entropy 62

eukarya 90

Feynman, Richard 47, 101

finches, Darwin’s 129

fitness 140, 141, 147, 148

fitness landscape 142

game of life 119

Ganti, Tibor 115

general theory of evolution 153

Grand, Steve 76

Haeckel, Ernst 35

Haldane, J.B.S. 83

Hawking, Stephen vii, 191

Hershko, Avram 22

hierarchical reduction 53, 137

holism 50–7 homeostasis 6

homochirality 28, 29, 174, 175

horizontal gene transfer 91

human genome project 113

induction 43

information 150–3

Jobs, Steve 170

Joyce, Gerald 128, 129, 132–4, 159, 166

Kauffman, Stuart 102, 114

kinetic selection 138, 139

kingdoms of life 90

Last Universal Common Ancestor

(LUCA) 88, 91, 173

Lifson, Shneior 107

Lotka, Alfred 138, 164

Luisi, Pier Luigi 99

Macaulay, Thomas 45

Malthus, Thomas 164

maximizing fitness 148

metabolism first 102, 106, 159

Miller, Stanley 93

molecular evolution 128

molecular replication 65–70, 77

Monod, Jacques 33, 36, 37, 51, 52, 108, 117, 176

mutation 78

natural selection 138, 149

Newton, Isaac 44–7 Noble, Denis 52

non-equilibrium thermodynamics 118

nucleotides 97

Oparin, Alexander 83, 93

Orgel, Leslie 96, 107

Otto, Sijbren 182

palaeobiologic record 88

panspermia 83

Pascal, Robert 169

pattern recognition 44

phylogenetic analysis 88

Popa, Radu 39

Popper, Karl 38, 52

prebiotic chemistry 92, 95

Prigogine, Ilya 117

Principle of Divergence 24, 171

prokarya 90

protein degradation 22

quasispecies 142

RNA 65–8, 78, 79, 102, 128–130, 132–5, 142, 143, 151

RNA-world 96, 104, 105

Ramakrishnan, Venkatraman 2

reduction 50–57 replication 72, 76, 79

replication first 102, 104, 105, 158, 159

ribosome 1

Rose, Erwin 22

Russian doll metaphor 80

Schrödinger, Erwin vii, 36

Schuster, Peter 98, 142, 143

scientific method 43

Second Law of Thermodynamics 6, 25, 59, 61, 79–81, 107, 152, 155, 156, 157, 163

self-replication 65–8

simplification 135, 167

Soai, Kenso 174

Spiegelman, Sol 65, 78, 127, 128, 135, 145

stability 71–5

Steitz, Thomas 2

Sutherland, John 97

systems biology 116

systems chemistry xii, 75, 76, 101, 123

Szostak, Jack 99

Tannenbaum, Emmanuel 156

thermodynamic stability 145

teleology 9, 33, 34

teleonomy 9–20, 37, 176

theory of life 42

tree of life 89–92

viruses 188

von Kiedrowski, Günter xii, 69

Wagner, Nathaniel 156

Weinberg, Steven 48, 53, 54, 137

Whitesides, George 82

Wittgenstein, Ludwig 48

Woese, Carl viii, 3, 51, 52, 89, 91, 112, 114, 185, 186

Yonath, Ada 2