White Cargo: The Forgotten History of Britain's White Slaves in America (45 page)

Wawenoc

44

London Company 36, 41–2,

Massachusetts Bay Company

Netherlands,
see
Holland

47–8, 50, 54

113,

143

New England

Lord Mayor 75, 82, 269

Mather, Cotton 151

description of 114

‘spirits’ 130–2, 246

Mathieson, John 164–6

indentured servants 117,

syndicate of merchants 100

Mercury
279–80

260

vagrants 22

Mittleberger, Gottlieb

settlement 6, 34, 36, 81,

Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth

221–5

113,

224

26

Molina, Don Diego de 67

slavery 42, 170

lottery 69, 81

Montserrat 153, 179, 191

transportation 147, 161

Low Countries,
see
Holland

Moore, George 275–6,

Newfoundland 26, 39, 61,

278–9

154

Macauley, Lord 38

More, Sir Thomas 26

New Jersey 138, 161, 175,

MacCleod 234

Morton, Thomas 114–16

263

MacDonald, Sir Alexander 234

Munster 23–4, 38, 141

Newport, Christopher

Mac Murchada, Diarmait,

murder

47–53, 63, 69

king of Leinster 139–40

convicts, committed by

New South Wales 16, 280

Madre de Dios
47

250,

267

New York

Magellan, Ferdinand 49

early settlers, committed

convicts 247–8

Magill, Francis 53

by 61, 102

emigration 224, 255

Maine 33, 35,

Edward II 90

free willers 280

marriage (of servants and

Native Americans,

Palatines 218–21, 227

317

WHITE CARGO

slavery laws 175

convicts 254

Civil War

189–90

tar and pitch industry

immigrants 138, 221, 224

Committee for Prisoners

218–19,

221

Penn, William 214, 221,

161–1

uprisings 192

223

Cromwell

160

Virginia Company 36

Quakers 138

escapes 228, 250, 277

Wallabout Bay 273

servant laws 122

transportation 71, 73,

Nithsdale, Earl of 228

servants 259

255–6

North, Frederick, Lord

see

also

Mittleberger,

Scottish 162–3, 227–9,

271,

274–5

Gottlieb

231

Nova Scotia 250, 276, 278

Penn, William 153, 214,

Smythe, policy towards

Nuce, Thomas 104

221

23

Percy, George 61, 63–4

prison hulks 272–4, 276

Old Bailey 248, 249, 277

Philadelphia 224–5, 234, Privy Council

O’Neill, Hugh, Earl of

238–9, 248, 251, 266,

of Britain 253–4

Tyrone

141

268,

273

of England 31–2, 39, 65,

Opechancanough 99–100,

piracy

70–1, 77, 84

102

Act of Parliament 248

of Scotland 119, 157–8,

Argall, Sam 82

166

Palatines

Drake, etc. 27

prostitutes 13, 95–6, 206

Carolina 214, 218

Elfrith,

Daniel,

see
Elfrith

Puritans 37, 78, 81, 113–

children, sale of 219

Jupe, John Colwyn,
see
Jupe

17, 142, 143, 147, 149,

Defoe, Daniel 217

Virginia 82, 87

151–2,

188

Ireland

218

see also
Warwick, Earl of

London 216–17

Plymouth 40, 43, 45, Quakers 13, 138, 214, 224, New York 218–21

72, 161, 218,

230,

279

‘Poor Palatines’ 213

Plymouth colony 113, 116

quarantine, of ships 268–9

Queen Anne 215

Plymouth Company 36, 38,

‘Queen Anne’s Golden

41–2

Raleigh, Sir Walter

Book’

213–15

Pocahontas 48, 67, 85

American exploration 27–9

see also
Dayrolle, James;

Poor Laws 78, 141

death sentence 36

Hunter,

Robert;

Popham, George 44–5

Gilbert, Humphrey, half-

Kocherthal,

Joshua

Popham, Sir John

brother of 22, 25

Pamp, Thomas 276–7, 280

colonising plans 34, 36

Ireland 137, 141

Parliament

convicts as colonists 33,

Newport, Christopher 47

acts and laws 134, 145,

42, 46, 57, 106

prisoner 49

248

fear of 44, 50

Queen Elizabeth 25, 27,

Barbados 189

New England expeditions

40

Charles I, relations with

42–4

renaissance man 22

145

Plymouth Company 36, Roanoke 28, 34–5

committee on transportation

38,

42

Rappahannock, River 103,

of criminals 280

proposes dumping

196,

251

Palatines 216

‘unwanted’ overseas 38–

rebellions (colonial)

petition by Foyle and

9,

40

Bacon’s

Rebellion,

see

Rivers

189

rivalry with London

Bacon’s Rebellion

Popham, Sir John 37, 39

Company

42

Carribean

191–2

report on slavery 222

threatens colonists 44

Virginia 173, 203, 207

Sandys, Sir Edwin 81

Vagrancy Act 30–1, 39

Maryland 198

transportation of rebels

villainous past 37–8

redemptioners 221, 223–4

161

Potomac, River 102–3, 196

religious dissenters 155–6,

Pascal, Blaize 23

Pott, Dr John 102–3

162,

164

penal colony

Preston, battle of 227

Rhode Island 117, 184

Australia

16

Pring, Martin 35

Rich, Sir Robert, 2nd Earl

Barbados 180, 182

prisoners

of Warwick 73, 82, 86–7

concept of 156

America, prisoners of war

Ridgely, Charles 258

Pennsylvania

273

Ridgely family 257–8

318

INDEX

Rinuccini,

Giovanni

slave trade, black

servants, means of

Battista, papal nuncio to

early development

obtaining

127–8

Ireland

145

169–75

Skye, Isle of 234

Roanoke,
see
Raleigh, Sir

evolution from white

Williamson, Peter,
see

Walter

servitude 14–15, 169

Williamson

Roche, Marquis de la 25

made hereditary 175

‘spirits’ (kidnappers),
see

rogues, vagabonds and

racism 12, 170, 176, 212

spiriting

sturdy beggars,
see

Smith, Captain John 48–50,

‘starving time’ 52, 60

beggars

53, 60, 96, 110

Stirling, Earl of 42

Rolfe, John 70, 85–7

Smythe, Sir Thomas 30–2,

Strachey, William 44, 58

Royalist prisoners 160, 161,

40,

55

sugar

189

colonising vision 29, 54, 60

biology 178

Runaways 262–7

labour, hunt for 57

cane spirit 179–82

Bacon’s Rebellion 209

money-raising measures

farming and manufacture

blacks and whites together

58,

6

180, 182–5, 189

173–4

penal colony, search for

industry 185, 236

posters 209, 241, 263–7,

65–6

plantations 147, 156,

270

relations with King James

183,

230

punishments 93, 117, 32, 55, 65

sugar cane 28, 177,

172, 191, 197, 203

reputed wealth 16, 81

179–80

pressured to transport Sullivan, James 43

St Christopher (St Kitts) ‘dissolutes’

72–3

Susan Constant
48

142–3, 153, 179–80,

Sandys’s emnity 80–2

191,

229

secret instructions 50

Teddico, Captain Thomas

St Lucia 153

street children, negotiations

155–6,

162

St Paul’s Cathedral 14, 56,

with City 78

Tempest, The
59–60

75, 77–9, 85, 131

treasurer, Virginia

tenants

Salmon,

George 275, Company 34, 36, 50, 54

America 48, 69, 104

278–80

Somers Island Company 29

Ireland

38

Sandys, George 101

Somers Islands 68, 73, 81,

Thames, River 40, 43, 73–5,

Sandys, Sir Edwin

112

79, 134, 250

‘bridal boats’ 84, 94, 96

Somers, Sir John 56, Thorton, John Wingate 46

Common

Council of 58–60,

68

Tidewater 103, 193, 196,

London

83

South Carolina 28, 229–30,

199,

206

death toll under 95, 111

250

Tidewater elite 195, 211,

headrights introduced 90

Spain

257,

269

indentures, complaints

convicts as colonisers 25

tobacco

about

96

wars with England 28,

as currency 80, 85,

Pilgrim Fathers 113

39, 86, 248

109–10, 124–5, 144,

Smythe, Thomas, enmity

Spanish Armada 22, 30, 32, 86

197, 199, 202, 249

and rivalry 80–2

‘spiriting’

conditions in tobacco

Somers Islands 73

Brickleband,

Elizabeth

fields 92, 103, 170, 176

street children 76, 83–4

234–5

farming 12, 70, 78–9

Warwick, Earl of, alliance 82

children 130, 133–5

Jefferson, Thomas, view

Sao Joao Bautista
87

Dennison, John and Jane

of

104

Sauer, Johann Christoph

235

output 194

221

descriptions of kidnappers

trade 113, 143, 207, 236

Seaflower
251

130

Tower of London 32, 228

Sea Venture
58–60

fiction 131

Transportation Act, 1703

Selwyn, George, MP 250

Harrison, Edward 133

(Ireland) 249

Shakespeare, William 21, Haverland, William,

Transportation Act, 1717

30, 35, 40, 59–60

testimony

129

(England) 248, 258

Sharpe, Horatio, Governor,

laws 134–5

Tucker, William 102, 120

Maryland 254, 269

Middlesex Assizes 128

‘twenty and odd Negroes’

Skidwarres 43–4

‘office keeper’ 129–30

86–7,

169

319

WHITE CARGO

Tyburn 32, 37, 211, 278

street children 70, 76, 78,

women 78, 138, 144, 147,

82–4

183, 224, 248

Versailles, palace of 271,

transportations 72–3

African

87

275

Virginia Company of Plymouth

breeding stock 150, 212

Virginia

36, 38, 40–2, 113

convicts 249, 252, 256

African and Native

enthusiastic rebels 209

Americans degraded 212

Warner, Thomas 142–3

first kidnaps 121–2, 132

Africans intake 87, 171,

Warwick, Earl of 73, 82,

hostages 100, 102

176

86–7

maids, brides and bridal

convict intake 13, 17, 42

Washington, George 205, boats 84, 94

children ‘kept for

270,

280–1

Native Americans,

Virginia’,

see
children

Waymouth, George 35, 40,

massacred by Bacon 208

descriptions of 35

43

‘out of Bridewell’ 96

England’s claim to 34

West, John 119

penalties for fornication

freedom ideals 17

West, Thomas,
see
De La 201

grandees’ nightmare 212

Warr

rape 140, 202, 277

mortality rates 52, 92, 95,

West Indies

sold 96, 258, 279

110–12,

176

African slaves 171

racial wedge inserted 212

as dumping ground for

Yeardley, Sir George 93,

racism, lack of among

‘unwanted’

39

169

servants

170–1

first English colonies 142

reputation 56, 67–8, 70,

Irish 146, 149, 150, 180;

Zuniga, Don Pedro de,

Royal Council of 50, 53

see also
Barbados

Spanish ambassador,

servant intake 90, 92

Royal warrant for 143

London 40, 42

settlers’ miraculous

migration to 180–1, 192

survival

50

Scots 160–1, 229–3

traffic in servants 96–7

Williamson, Cuthbert,

Virginia Company of London

murdered by Hellier,

charters 34, 36, 41, 54,

Thomas

107

112

Williamson, Peter 236–41,

countrywide search for 246

youth

95

Williamson, Ralph 162

England’s poor, offer to

Wingfield, Edward Maria

transport

57

48

expansion in Virginia 66

Winthrop, John, Governor,

financial crises 58, 68–9

Massachusetts 114, 117

investors 36, 54, 73, 82