Why Women Have Sex (48 page)

191

Among men, for example, research reveals: Althof, S. E., et al., (2003). “Treatment Responsiveness of the Self-Esteem and Relationship Questionnaire in Erectile Dysfunction,”
Urology
61(5):888–92.

191

Failure to perform sexually: Greiling, H., and Buss, D. M. (2000). “Women’s Sexual Strategies: The Hidden Dimension of Extra-Pair Mating,”
Personality and Individual Differences
28:929–63.

192

Features that have universal sex appeal: Sugiyama, L. S. (2005). “Physical Attractiveness in Adaptationist Perspective,” in D. M. Buss (ed.),
Evolutionary Psychology Handbook
(New York: Wiley), 292–343.

192

Studies of how women feel about their bodies: Franzoi, S. L., and Shields, S. A. (1984). “The Body Esteem Scale: Multidimensional Structure and Sex Differences in a College Population,”
Journal of Personality Assessment
48:173–78.

192

Because a woman’s appearance provides such a bounty: Buss, D. M. (2003).
The Evolution of Desire: Strategies of Human Mating
(New York: Basic Books).

194

In a nationwide survey of thirty thousand individuals: Cash, T. F., Win-stead, B. A., and Janda, L. H. (1986). “The Great American Shape-up,”
Psychology Today
20:30–37.

194

Among adolescent girls, body image: Jones, D. E., Vigfusdottir, T. H., and Lee, Y. (2004). “Body Image and the Appearance Culture Among Adolescent Girls and Boys: An Examination of Friend Conversations, Peer Criticism, Appearance Magazines, and the Internalization of Appearance Ideals,”
Journal of Adolescent Research
19:323–39.

194

Even within the United States: Cash, T. F., Morrow, J. A., et al. (2004). “How Has Body Image Changed? A Cross-sectional Investigation of College Women and Men 1983–2001,”
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
72:1081–89.

195

Women with poorer body images also reported: Seal, B., Bradford, A., and Meston, C. M. (under review). “The Association Between Body Image and Sexual Desire in College Women.”

195–96

Dr. Patricia Barthalow Koch: Koch, P. B., Mansfield, P. K., et al. (2005). “ ‘Feeling Frumpy’: The Relationships Between Body Image and Sexual Response Changes in Midlife Women,”
Journal of Sex Research
42:215–23.

196

A study of thirty-two: Werlinger, K., King, T. K., et al. (1997). “Perceived Changes in Sexual Functioning and Body Image Following Weight Loss in an Obese Female Population: A Pilot Study,”
Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy
23:74–78.

197

Pictures of waiflike movie stars: See http://shakespearessister.blogspot.com/2009/02/impossibly-beautiful.html.

198

“a girl in the popular clique can duck”: Wiseman, R. (2003).
Queen Bees and Wannabes: Helping Your Daughter Survive Cliques, Gossip, Boyfriends, and Other Realities of Adolescence
(New York: Three Rivers Press).

200

One study of 16,749 adolescents: Parker, J. S., and Benson, M. J. (2004). “Parent-adolescent Relations and Adolescent Functioning: Self-esteem, Substance Abuse, and Delinquency,”
Adolescence
39:519–30.

  206–7

In essence, the hero becomes dependent: Ellis, B. J., and Symons, D. (1990). “Sex Differences in Sexual Fantasy: An Evolutionary Psychological Approach,”
Journal of Sex Research
27:527–55.

207

Psychologist Patricia Hawley studied forceful sexual submission: Hawley, P. H., and Hensley, W. A., IV. (in press, 2009). “Social Dominance and Forceful Submission Fantasies: Feminine Pathology or Power?”
Journal of Sex Research
.

207

Women who were less: Salmon, C., and Symons, D. (2001).
Warrior Lovers: Erotic Fiction, Evolution and Female Sexuality
(London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson).

208

A study of 141 married women: Leitenberg, H., and Henning, K. (1995). “Sexual Fantasy,”
Psychological Bulletin
117:469–96.

212

A deeper, evolutionary understanding of why sexual deception: Parker, G. A. (1979). “Sexual Selection and Sexual Conflict,” in M. S. Blum and A. N. Blum (eds.),
Sexual Selection and Reproductive Competition among Insects
(London: Academic Press), 123–66; Parker, G. A. (2006). “Sexual Selection over Mating and Fertilization: An Overview,”
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
B, 361:235–59; Buss, D. M. (2001). “Cognitive Biases and Emotional Wisdom in the Evolution of Conflict between the Sexes,”
Current Directions in Psychological Sciences
10:219–53.

213

The most common sexual strategy: Buss, D. M. (2003).
The Evolution of Desire: Strategies of Human Mating
(New York: Basic Books).

213

One study estimated that 16 million Americans: Madden, M., and Lenhart, A. (2006). “Online Dating: Americans Who Are Seeking Romance Use the Internet to Help Them in Their Search, but There Is Still Widespread Public Concern about the Safety of Online Dating,” Pew Internet & American Life Project,
www.pewinternet.org/pdfs/PIP_Online_Dating.pdf
.

213

The researchers compared men’s and women’s advertised height: Toma, C. L. Hancock, J. T., and Ellison, N. B. (2008). “Separating Fact from Fiction: An Examination of Deceptive Self-Presentation in Online Dating Profiles,”
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
34(8):1023–36.

214–15

Indeed, one study found that 86 percent of online daters: Gibbs, J. L., Ellison, N. B., and Heino, R. D. (2006). “Self-Presentation in Online Personals: The Role of Anticipated Future Interaction, Self-Disclosure, and Perceived Success in Internet Dating,”
Communication Research
33:1–26; Madden, M., and Lenhart, A. (2006). “Online Dating.”

214

Love provides the best chance: Buss, D. M. (2006). “The Evolution of Love,” in R. J. Sternberg and K. Weis (eds.),
The New Psychology of Love
(New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press), 65–86.

215

“You would think saying”: Cassell, C. (1984).
Swept Away: Why Women Confuse Love and Sex
(New York: Simon & Schuster), 155.

215

In one study, we asked 240 women: Haselton, M., Buss, D. M., Oubaid, V., and Angleitner, A. (2005). “Sex, Lies, and Strategic Interference: The Psychology of Deception between the Sexes,”
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
31:3–23.

215

We found that women reported having been deceived: Buss, D. M., and Haselton, M. G. (2005). “The Evolution of Jealousy,”
Trends in Cognitive Science
9:506–7.

216

“ ‘I know men,’ said the woman . . . ’ ”: See
www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/06/30/AR2005063001734.html
.

217

Evolutionary psychologist Martie Haselton: Haselton, M. G., and Buss, D. M. (2000). “Error Management Theory: A New Perspective on Biases in Cross-sex Mind Reading,
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
78:81–91.

220

According to the National Violence Against Women Survey: Tjaden, P., and Thoennes, N. (2000).
Full Report of the Prevalence, Incidence, and Consequences of Violence Against Women: Findings from the National Violence Against Women Survey
(Washington, D. C.: National Institute of Justice and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention).

220

Shocking statistics show that over one-third: Buzy, W. M., McDonald, R., et al. (2004). “Adolescent Girls’ Alcohol Use as a Risk Factor for Relationship Violence,”
Journal of Research on Adolescence
14:449–70.

221

Sexual coercion in young women is more likely: Craig, M. E. (1990). “Coercive Sexuality in Dating Relationships: A Situational Model,”
Clinical Psychology Review
10:395–423.

221

One study found that between one-fourth and one-third: Davis, T. C., Peck, G. Q., and Storment, J. M. (1993). “Acquaintance Rape and the High School Student,”
Journal of Adolescent Health
14:220–23.

221

If they learn at an early age: Koss, M. P. (1985). “The Hidden Rape Victim: Personality, Attitudinal, and Situational Characteristics,”
Psychology of Women Quarterly
1:193–212.

222

One study compared forty adult women rape victims: Faravelli, G., et al. (2004). “Psychopathology after Rape,”
American Journal of Psychiatry
161:1483–85.

222

Some victims turn to alcohol or drugs: Russell, D. E. H. (1975).
The Politics of Rape: The Victim’s Perspective
(New York: Stein and Day).

223

One study found that women who were sexually abused: Messman-Moore, T. L., and Brown, A. L. (2004). “Child Maltreatment and Perceived Family Environment as Risk Factors for Adult Rape: Is Child Sexual Abuse the Most Salient Experience?”
Child Abuse and Neglect
28:1019–34.

223

A recent study found that low sexual self-esteem: Bruggen, L. K., Runtz, M. G., and Kadlec, H. (2006). “Sexual Revictimization: The Role of Sexual Self-esteem and Dysfunctional Sexual Behaviors,”
Child Maltreatment
11:131–45.

225

And research shows that when a woman is sexually abused: Lloyd, S. A., and Emery, B. C. (1999).
The Darkside of Dating: Physical and Sexual Violence
(Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications).

225

In a study of women who had been raped by their husbands: Finkelhor, D., and Yllo, K. (1985).
License to Rape: Sexual Abuse of Wives
(New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston).

226

Respondents often rate the rapes: Monson, C. M., Byrd, G., and Langhinrichsen-Rohling, J. (1996). “To Have and To Hold: Perceptions of Marital Rape,”
Journal of Interpersonal Violence
11:410–24.

227

in fact, a law recently passed in Afghanistan: See
http://www.nydailynews.com/news/us_world/2009/04/17/2009-04-17_
afghanistan_president_hamid_karzai_backpedals_on_afghan_marital_
rape_law.html
.

228

But of the three types of treatment, Prolonged Exposure: Foa, E. B., Rothbaum, B. O., Riggs, D. S., and Murdock, T. B. (1991). “Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Rape Victims: A Comparison between Cognitive-behavioral Procedures and Counseling,”
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
59:715–23.

230

The anthropologist Peggy Sanday examined 156 tribal societies: Sanday, P. (1981). “The Sociocultural Context of Rape: A Cross-cultural Study,”
Journal of Social Issues
37:5–27.

230

Other studies confirm that when women lack genetic kin: Figueredo, A. J. (1995).
Preliminary Report: Family Deterrence of Domestic Violence in Spain
, Department of Psychology, University of Arizona.

230

“If a seignior took the virgin by force”: Quoted in Scholz, S. (2005). “ ‘Back Then It Was Legal’: The Epistemological Imbalance in Readings of Biblical and Ancient Near Eastern Rape Legislation,”
Bible and Critical Theory
1 (22):36.

230

Historical records also show that rape: Symons, D. (1979).
The Evolution of Human Sexuality
(New York: Oxford University Press); Chagnon, N. A. (1983).
Yanomamö: The Fierce People
(New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston); Ghiglieri, M. P. (1999).
The Dark Side of Man: Tracing the Origins of Male Violence
(Reading, Mass.: Perseus Books).

230

“The greatest pleasure is to vanquish your enemies”: Quoted in Royle, T. (1989).
Dictionary of Military Quotations
(New York: Simon & Schuster).

231

“Soviet soldiers treated German women”: Beevor, A. (2002).
Berlin: The Downfall
, 1945 (New York: Viking Press), 326–27.

231

Given the appalling costs that rape inflicts: Buss, D. M. (2003). “Sexual Treachery,”
Australian Journal of Psychology
55:36.

233

From an evolutionary perspective, another potential anti-rape: Critelli, J. W., and Bivona, J. M. (2008). “Women’s Erotic Rape Fantasies: An Evaluation of Theory and Research,”
Journal of Sex Research
45:57–70.

233

An example might be a rapist grabbing the woman: Kanin, E. J. (1982). “Female Rape Fantasies: A Victimization Study,”
Victimology
7:114–21., 117.

234

Women find actual rape aversive and traumatizing: Buss, D. M. (1989). “Conflict Between the Sexes: Strategic Interference and the Evocation of Anger and Upset,”
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
56:735–47.

234

“I thought he wanted to rape me”: Duntley, J. D., and Buss, D. M., unpublished data.

234

A final way that women might defend: Buss, D. M. (2005).
The Murderer Next Door: Why the Mind Is Designed to Kill
(New York: Penguin Press).