Zoobiquity (43 page)

68
As hilariously—and exhaustively
: Mary Roach,
Bonk: The Curious Coupling of Science and Sex
, New York: Norton, 2008; Zuk,
Sexual Selections;
Birkhead,
Promiscuity;
Judson,
Dr. Tatiana’s Sex Advice;
Sarah Blaffer Hrdy,
Mother Nature: Maternal Instincts and How They Shape the Human Species
. New York: Ballantine, 1999.

69
Orangutans self-stimulate
: Judson,
Dr. Tatiana’s Sex Advice
, p. 246; Naturhistorisk Museum, “Homosexuality in the Animal Kingdom,” accessed October 8, 2011.
http://www.nhm.uio.no/besok-oss/utstillinger/skiftende/againstnature/gayanimals.html
.

70
Daddy longlegs spin
: Ed Nieuwenhuys, “Daddy-longlegs, Vibrating or Cellar Spiders,” accessed October 14, 2011.
http://ednieuw.home.xs4all.nl/Spiders/Pholcidae/Pholcidae.htm
.

71
Livestock farmers and large animal veterinarians
: Houpt,
Domestic Animal Behavior
, pp. 102, 119, 129.

72
Bats and hedgehogs
: Min Tan, Gareth Jones, Guangjian Zhu, Jianping Ye, Tiyu Hong, Shanyi Zhou, Shuyi Zhang, et al., “Fellatio by Fruit Bats Prolongs Copulation Time,”
PLoS One
4 (2009): p. e7595.

73
Male-male and female-female
: Price, “Sexual Behavior,” p. 64.

74
Bagemihl includes
: Bagemihl,
Biological Exuberance
, pp. 263–65.

75
Roughgarden details
: Joan Roughgarden,
Evolution’s Rainbow: Diversity, Gender, and Sexuality in Nature and People
, Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004.

76
Marlene Zuk and Nathan W. Bailey
: Nathan W. Bailey and Marlene Zuk, “Same-Sex Sexual Behavior and Evolution,”
Trends in Ecology and Evolution
24 (2009): pp. 439–46.

77
“The capacity for behavioral plasticity”:
Bagemihl,
Biological Exuberance
, p. 251.

78
“near elimination of the idea”:
Birkhead,
Promiscuity
, pp. 38–39.

79
“Using information about animal behavior”:
Zuk,
Sexual Selections
, pp. 177–78.

80
Normal reproduction
: Birkhead,
Promiscuity
.

81
New York City’s bedbug
: Göran Arnqvist and Locke Rowe,
Sexual Conflict: Monographs in Behavior and Ecology
, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005.

82
An animal form of necrophilia
: C. W. Moeliker, “The First Case of Homosexual Necrophilia in the Mallard
Anas platyrhynchos
(Aves: Anatidae),”
Deinsea
8 (2001): pp. 243–47; Irene Garcia, “Beastly Behavior,”
Los Angeles Times
, February 12, 1998, accessed December 20, 2011.
http://articles.latimes.com/1998/feb/12/entertainment/ca-18150
.

83
Sex with relatives and immature
: Carol M. Berman, “Kinship: Family Ties and Social Behavior,” in
Primates in Perspective
, 2nd ed., eds. Christina J. Campbell, Agustin Fuentes, Katherine C. MacKinnon, Simon K. Bearder, and Rebecca M. Strumpf, p. 583. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011; Raymond Obstfeld,
Kinky Cats, Immortal Amoebas, and Nine-Armed Octopuses: Weird, Wild, and Wonderful Behaviors in the Animal World
, New York: HarperCollins, 1997: pp. 43–47; Ridley,
The Red Queen
, pp. 282–84; Judson,
Dr. Tatiana’s Sex Advice
, pp. 169–86.

84
“Breeding males are usually highly motivated”:
Birkhead,
Promiscuity
.

85
“Even in nonhumans, sex can”:
Zuk,
Sexual Selections
.

86
“an accidental physiological side effect”:
Anders Ågmo,
Functional and Dysfunctional Sexual Behavior: A Synthesis of Neuroscience and Comparative Psychology
, Waltham, MA: Academic Press, 2007. Kindle edition: iii.

87
“the mating face”:
Houpt,
Domestic Animal Behavior
, p. 8.

88
We’re said to have what’s called
: Boguslaw Pawlowski, “Loss of Oestrus and Concealed Ovulation in Human Evolution: The Case Against the Sexual-Selection Hypothesis,”
Current Anthropology
40 (1999): pp. 257–76.

89
Women have been
: Geoffrey Miller, Joshua M. Tybur, and Brent D. Jordan, “Ovulatory Cycle Effects on Tip Earnings by Lap Dancers: Economic Evidence for Human Estrus?”
Evolution and Human Behavior
27 (2007): pp. 375–81; Debra Lieberman, Elizabeth G. Pillsworth, and Martie G. Haselton, “Kin Affiliation Across the Ovulatory Cycle: Females Avoid Fathers When Fertile,”
Psychological Science
(2010): doi: 10.1177/0956797610390385; Martie G. Haselton, Mina Mortezaie, Elizabeth G. Pillsworth, April Bleske-Rechek, and David A. Frederick, “Ovulatory Shifts in Human Female Ornamentation: Near Ovulation, Women Dress to Impress,”
Hormones and Behavior
51 (2007): pp. 40–45.

90
Men perceive ovulating
: Miller, Tybur, and Jordan, “Ovulatory Cycle Effects,” pp. 375–81.

91
College-aged women
: Lieberman, Pillsworth, and Haselton, “Kin Affiliation.”

92
Physically, female orgasm
: Barry R. Komisaruk, Carlos Beyer-Flores, and Beverly Whipple,
The Science of Orgasm
, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006.

93
In developing fetuses
: Kenneth V. Kardong,
Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution
, 4th ed., New York: Tata McGraw-Hill, 2006: pp. 556, 565; Balcombe, Jonathan,
Pleasure Kingdom: Animals and the Nature of Feeling Good
, Hampshire, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 1997.

94
A quick comparative survey
: Stefan Anitei, “The Largest Clitoris in the World,”
Softpedia
, January 26, 2007, accessed October 14, 2011.
http://news.softpedia.com/news/The-Largest-Clitoris-in-the-World-45527.shtml
; Balcombe,
Pleasure Kingdom
.

95
An estimated 40 percent
: Jan Shifren, Brigitta Monz, Patricia A. Russo, Anthony Segreti, and Catherine B. Johannes, “Sexual Problems and Distress in United States Women: Prevalence and Correlates,”
Obstetrics & Gynecology
112 (2008): pp. 970–78.

96
They affect as many
: J. A. Simon, “Low Sexual Desire—Is It All in Her Head? Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Treatment of Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder,”
Postgraduate Medicine
122 (2010): pp. 128–36; S. Mimoun, “Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder, HSDD,”
Gynécologie Obstétrique Fertilité
39 (2011): pp. 28–31; Anita H. Clayton, “The Pathophysiology of Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder in Women,”
International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics
110 (2010): pp. 7–11.

97
Low desire and HSDD
: Clayton, “The Pathophysiology,” pp. 7–11; Santiago Palacios, “Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder and Current Pharmacotherapeutic Options in Women,”
Women’s Health
7 (2011): pp. 95–107.

98
Doctors treat HSDD
: Clayton, “The Pathophysiology,” pp. 7–11; Palacios, “Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder,” pp. 95–107.

99
“Cases of dissatisfaction by both partners”:
Ralph Myerson, “Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder,”
Healthline: Connect to Better Health
, accessed October 8, 2011.
http://www.healthline.com/galecontent/hypoactive-sexual-desire-disorder
.

100
I asked Dr. Janet Roser
: Roser interview.

101
Female rats scratch, bite, and vocalize
: James Pfaus telephone interview, February 23, 2011.

102
Entomologists Randy Thornhill
: Randy Thornhill and John Alcock,
The Evolution of Insect Mating Systems
, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1983: p. 469.

103
James Pfaus, a Concordia University
: Pfaus interview.

104
Lordosis is a very specific
: Donald Pfaff,
Man and Woman: An Inside Story
, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011: p. 78; Donald W. Pfaff,
Drive: Neurobiological and Molecular Mechanisms of Sexual Motivation
, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1999: pp. 76–79.

105
According to Donald Pfaff
: D. W. Pfaff, L. M. Kow, M. D. Loose, and L. M. Flanagan-Kato, “Reverse Engineering the Lordosis Behavior Circuit,”
Hormones and Behavior
54 (2008): pp. 347–54; Pfaff,
Drive
, pp. 76–79.

106
“ascend[s] the spinal cord”:
Pfaff,
Man and Woman
, p. 78.

107
Like some erections
: Pfaff,
Man and Woman
, p. 78; Pfaff et al., “Reverse Engineering,” pp. 347–54.

108
Receptive female elephant seals
: William F. Perrin, Bernd Wursig, and J. G. M. Thewissen,
Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals
, Waltham, MA: Academic Press, 2002: p. 394.

109
“large number of mechanisms for hormone”:
Pfaff,
Man and Woman
, p. 78.

110
“basic, reductionistic”:
Pfaff,
Drive
, pp. 76–79.

111
“The most elementary functions”:
Pfaff,
Man and Woman
, p. 57.

112
“an adequate period of sexual foreplay”:
Houpt,
Domestic Animal Behavior
, p. 117.

113
Dogs, too, engage
: Ibid., pp. 125–27.

114
Hypersexual behavior occurs
: Ibid., pp. 99, 117.

115
bellow “like a bull”:
Ibid., p. 99.

116
“assumes a stretching posture”:
Masaki Sakai and Mikihiko Kumashiro, “Copulation in the Cricket Is Performed by Chain Reaction,”
Zoological Science
21 (2004): p. 716.

117
The “shudder”:
Bagemihl,
Biological Exuberance
, p. 208.

118
“violet flannel, then the sharpness”:
Molly Peacock, “Have You Ever Faked an Orgasm?” in
Cornucopia: New & Selected Poems
, New York: Norton, 2002.

119
Sexual desire in
: Dreborg et al., “Evolution of Vertebrate Opiod Receptors,” pp. 15487–92.

  
1
In Tasmania
: Jason Dicker, “The Poppy Industry in Tasmania,” Chemistry and Physics in Tasmanian Agriculture: A Resource for Science Students and Teachers, accessed July 14, 2010.
http://www.launc.tased.edu.au/online/sciences/agsci/alkalo/popindus.htm
.

  
2
Ignoring security cameras
: Damien Brown, “Tassie Wallabies Hopping High,”
Mercury
, June 25, 2009, accessed July 14, 2010.
http://www.themercury.com.au/article/2009/06/25/80825_tasmania-news.html
.

  
3
Even the mug shot
: Ibid.

  
4
The medical community’s
: National Institutes of Health, “Addiction and the Criminal Justice System,”
NIH Fact Sheets
, accessed October 7, 2011.
http://report.nih.gov/NIHfactsheets/ViewFactSheet.aspx?csid=22
.

  
5
Addicts belong to
: K. H. Berge, M. D. Seppala, and A. M. Schipper, “Chemical Dependency and the Physician,”
Mayo Clinic Proceedings
84 (2009): pp. 625–31.

  
6
No one issued Flying While Intoxicated
: Emily Beeler telephone interview, October 12, 2011.

  
7
The Bohemian waxwings
: Ronald K. Siegel,
Intoxication: Life in Pursuit of Artificial Paradise
, New York: Pocket Books, 1989.

  
8
When a horse named Fat Boy
: Luke Salkeld, “Pictured: Fat Boy, the Pony Who Got Drunk on Fermented Apples and Fell into a Swimming Pool,”
MailOnline
, October 16, 2008, accessed July 15, 2010.
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1077831/Pictured-Fat-Boy-pony-gotdrunk-fermented-apples-fell-swimming-pool.html
.

  
9
Bighorn sheep
: Siegel,
Intoxication
, pp. 51–52.

10
In opium-producing regions of Asia
: Ibid., p. 130.

11
The pen-tailed tree shrew
: Frank Wiens, Annette Zitzmann, Marc-André Lachance, Michel Yegles, Fritz Pragst, Friedrich M. Wurst, Dietrich von Holst, et al., “Chronic Intake of Fermented Floral Nectar by Wild Treeshrews,”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
105 (2008): pp. 10426–31.

12
When cattle and horses
: M. H. Ralphs, D. Graham, M. L. Galyean, and L. F. James, “Creating Aversions to Locoweed in Naïve and Familiar Cattle,”
Journal of Range Management
50 (1997): pp. 361–66; Michael H. Ralphs, David Graham, and Lynn F. James, “Social Facilitation Influences Cattle to Graze Locoweed,”
Journal of Range Management
47 (1994): pp. 123–26; United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, “Locoweed (
astragalus
and
Oxytropis
spp.).” Last modified February 7, 2006, accessed March 9, 2010.
http://www.ars.usda.gov/services/docs.htm?docid=9948&pf=1&cg_id=0
.

13
A friendly cocker spaniel
: Laura Mirsch, “The Dog Who Loved to Suck on Toads,”
NPR
, October 24, 2006, accessed July 14, 2010.
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6376594
; United States Department of Agriculture, “Locoweed.”

14
In Australia’s Northern Territory
: “Dogs Getting High Licking Hallucinogenic Toads!”
StrangeZoo.com
, accessed July 14, 2010.
http://www.strangezoo.com/content/item/105766.html
.

15
In colonial New England
: Iain Gately, “Drunk as a Skunk … or a Wild Monkey … or a Pig,”
Proof Blog, New York Times
, January 24, 2009, accessed January 27, 2009.
http://proof.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/01/24/drunk-as-a-skunk-or-a-wild-monkey-or-a-pig/
.

16
“they were filled with the husks”:
Ibid.

17
Apparently the trick
: Ibid.

18
Darwin also detailed
: Charles Darwin,
The Descent of Man
, in
From So Simple a Beginning: The Four Great Books of Charles Darwin
, ed. Edward O. Wilson. New York: Norton, 2006: pp. 783–1248.

19
You can see modern-day
: BBC Worldwide, “Alcoholic Vervet Monkeys! Weird Nature—BBC Animals,” video, 2009, retrieved October 9, 2011,
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pSm7BcQHWXk&feature=related
.

20
They lose neuromuscular control
: Toni S. Shippenberg and George F. Koob, “Recent Advances in Animal Models of Drug Addiction,” in
Neuropsychopharmacology: The Fifth Generation of Progress
, ed. K. L. Davis, D. Charney, J. T. Coyle, and C. Nemeroff, Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, 2002: pp. 1381–97; J. Wolfgramm, G. Galli, F. Thimm, and A. Heyne, “Animal Models of Addiction: Models for Therapeutic Strategies?”
Journal of Neural Transmission
107 (2000): pp. 649–68.

21
Bees “dance” more vigorously
: Andrew B. Barron, Ryszard Maleszka, Paul G. Helliwell, and Gene E. Robinson, “Effects of Cocaine on Honey Bee Dance Behaviour,”
Journal of Experimental Biology
212 (2009): pp. 163–68.

22
Immature zebrafish hang out
: S. Bretaud, Q. Li, B. L. Lockwood, K. Kobayashi, E. Lin, and S. Guo, “A Choice Behavior for Morphine Reveals Experience-Dependent Drug Preference and Underlying Neural Substrates in Developing Larval Zebrafish,”
Neuroscience
146 (2007): pp. 1109–16.

23
Methamphetamine juices snail
: Kathryn Knight, “Meth(amphetamine) May Stop Snails from Forgetting,”
Journal of Experimental Biology
213 (2010), i, accessed May 31, 2010. doi: 10.1242/jeb.046664.

24
Spiders on a range of drugs
: “Spiders on Speed Get Weaving,”
New Scientist
, April 29, 1995, accessed October 9, 2011.
http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg14619750.500-spiders-on-speed-get-weaving.html
.

25
Alcohol can make
: Hyun-Gwan Lee, Young-Cho Kim, Jennifer S. Dunning, and Kyung-An Han, “Recurring Ethanol Exposure Induces Disinhibited Courtship in
Drosophila,” PLoS One
(2008): p. e1391.

26
Even humble
Caenorhabditis elegans: Andrew G. Davies, Jonathan T. Pierce-Shimomura, Hongkyun Kim, Miri K. VanHoven, Tod R. Thiele, Antonello Bonci, Cornelia I. Bargmann, et al., “A Central Role of the BK Potassium Channel in Behavioral Responses to Ethanol in
C. elegans,” Cell
115: pp. 656–66.

27
That we can see parallel
: T. Sudhaharan and A. Ram Reddy, “Opiate Analgesics’ Dual Role in Firefly Luciferase Activity,”
Biochemistry
37 (1998): pp. 4451–58; K. L. Machin, “Fish, Amphibian, and Reptile Analgesia,”
Veterinary Clinics of North American Exotic Animal Practice
4 (2001): pp. 19–22.

28
Receptors for opiates
: Susanne Dreborg, Görel Sundström, Tomas A. Larsson, and Dan Larhammar, “Evolution of Vertebrate Opioid Receptors,”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
105 (2008): pp. 15487–92; Janicke Nordgreen, Joseph P. Garner, Andrew Michael Janczak, Brigit Ranheim, William M. Muir, and Tor Einar Horsberg, “Thermonociception in Fish: Effects of Two Different Doses of Morphine on Thermal Threshold and Post-Test Behavior in Goldfish (
Carassius auratus
)
,” Applied Animal Behaviour Science
119 (2009): pp. 101–07; N. A. Zabala, A. Miralto, H. Maldonado, J. A. Nunez, K. Jaffe, and L. de C. Calderon, “Opiate Receptor in Praying Mantis: Effect of Morphine and Naloxone,”
Pharmacology Biochemistry & Behavior
20 (1984): pp. 683–87; V. E. Dyakonova, F. W. Schurmann,
and D. A. Sakharov, “Effects of Serotonergic and Opioidergic Drugs on Escape Behaviors and Social Status of Male Crickets,”
Naturwissenschaften
86 (1999): pp. 435–37.

29
Receptors for cannabinoids
: John McPartland, Vincenzo Di Marzo, Luciano De Petrocellis, Alison Mercer, and Michelle Glass, “Cannabinoid Receptors Are Absent in Insects,”
Journal of Comparative Neurology
436 (2001): pp. 423–29; Osceola Whitney, Ken Soderstrom, and Frank Johnson, “CB1 Cannabinoid Receptor Activation Inhibits a Neural Correlate of Song Recognition in an Auditory/Perceptual Region of the Zebra Finch Telencephalon,”
Journal of Neurobiology
56 (2003): pp. 266–74; E. Cottone, A. Guastalla, K. Mackie, and M. F. Franzoni, “Endocannabinoids Affect the Reproductive Functions in Teleosts and Amphibians,”
Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology
286S (2008): pp. S41–S45.

30
“how the human mind, especially emotions”:
Jaak Panksepp, “Science of the Brain as a Gateway to Understanding Play: An Interview with Jaak Panksepp,”
American Journal of Play
3 (2010): p. 250.

31
Rat tickling came in the mid-1900s
: Ibid., p. 266

32
Most animals don’t vocalize
: Franklin D. McMillan,
Mental Health and Well-Being in Animals
, Hoboken, NJ: Blackwell, 2005: pp. 6–7.

33
And in some cases tragically
: K. J. S. Anand and P. R. Hickey, “Pain and Its Effects in the Human Neonate and Fetus,”
The New England Journal of Medicine
317 (1987): pp. 1321–29.

34
In the early 1900s
: Jill R. Lawson, “Standards of Practice and the Pain of Premature Infants,”
Recovered Science
, accessed December 18, 2011.
http://www.recoveredscience.com/ROP_preemiepain.htm
.

35
how an animal experiences
: Joseph LeDoux, “Rethinking the Emotional Brain,”
Neuron
73 (2012): pp. 653–76.

36
“Emotions … shaped by natural selection”:
Randolph M. Nesse and Kent C. Berridge, “Psychoactive Drug Use in Evolutionary Perspective,”
Science
278 (1997): pp. 63–66, accessed February 16, 2010. doi:0.1126/science.278.5335.63.

37
“Love joins hate”:
E. O. Wilson,
Sociobiology
, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1975.

38
Indeed, when these activities
: Brian Knutson, Scott Rick, G. Elliott Wimmer, Drazen Prelec, and George Loewenstein, “Neural Predictors of Purchases,”
Neuron
53 (2007): pp. 147–56; Ethan S. Bromberg-Martin and Okihide Hikosaka, “Midbrain Dopamine Neurons Signal Preference for Advance Information About Upcoming Rewards,”
Neuron
63 (2009): pp. 119–26.

39
“from slugs to primates”:
Nesse and Berridge, “Psychoactive Drug Use,” pp. 63–66.

40
Opioid receptors and pathways
: Dreborg et al., “Evolution of Vertebrate Opioid Receptors,” pp. 15487–92.

41
Researchers working with Panksepp
: Panksepp, “Science of the Brain,” p. 253.

42
“neurochemical jungle of the human brain”:
Shaun Gallagher, “How to Undress the Affective Mind: An Interview with Jaak Panksepp,”
Journal of Consciousness Studies
15 (2008): pp. 89–119.

43
“Drugs of abuse”:
Nesse and Berridge, “Psychoactive Drug Use,” pp. 63–66.

44
“You can’t become addicted to a drug”:
David Sack telephone interview, July 28, 2010.

45
“Every mammal has a system in the brain”:
Jaak Panksepp, “Evolutionary Substrates of Addiction: The Neurochemistries of Pleasure Seeking and Social Bonding in the
Mammalian Brain,” in
Substance and Abuse Emotion
, ed. Jon D. Kassel, Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2010, pp. 137–67.

46
As Gary Wilson
: Gary Wilson interview, Moorpark, CA, May 24, 2011.

47
David J. Linden
: David J. Linden,
The Compass of Pleasure
, Viking: 2011 (location 113 in ebook).

48
Extensive study of the effect
: Craig J. Slawecki, Michelle Betancourt, Maury Cole, and Cindy L. Ehlers, “Periadolescent Alcohol Exposure Has Lasting Effects on Adult Neurophysiological Function in Rats,”
Developmental Brain Research
128 (2001): pp. 63–72; Linda Patia Spear, “The Adolescent Brain and the College Drinker: Biological Basis of Propensity to Use and Misuse Alcohol,”
Journal of Studies on Alcohol
14 (2002): pp. 71–81; Melanie L. Schwandt, Stephen G. Lindell, Scott Chen, J. Dee Higley, Stephen J. Suomi, Markus Heilig, and Christina S. Barr, “Alcohol Response and Consumption in Adolescent Rhesus Macaques: Life History and Genetic Influences,”
Alcohol
44 (2010): pp. 67–90.