Zoobiquity (42 page)

54
One study of nose and sinus
: Peter M. Rabinowitz and Lisa A. Conti,
Human-Animal Medicine: Clinical Approaches to Zoonoses, Toxicants and Other Shared Health Risks
, Maryland Heights, MO: Saunders, 2010: p. 60.

55
Bladder cancer and lymphoma
: Ibid.

56
And military dogs
: Ibid.

57
Cats have served
: Ibid.

58
Where we don’t overlap
: Melissa Paoloni and Chand Khanna, “Translation of New
Cancer Treatments from Pet Dogs to Humans,”
Nature Reviews: Cancer
8 (2008): pp. 147–56.

59
But beyond their possible use
: Ibid.; Chand Khanna, Kerstin Lindblad-Toh, David Vail, Cheryl London, Philip Bergman, Lisa Barber, Matthew Breen, et al., “The Dog as a Cancer Model,” letter to the editor,
Nature Biotechnology
24 (2006): pp. 1065–66; Melissa Paoloni telephone interview, May 19, 2010, and Philip Bergman interview, Anaheim, CA, June 10, 2010.

60
Currently, the vast majority
: Ira Gordon, Melissa Paoloni, Christina Mazcko, and Chand Khanna, “The Comparative Oncology Trials Consortium: Using Spontaneously Occurring Cancers in Dogs to Inform the Cancer Drug Development Pathway,”
PLoS Medicine
6 (2009): p. e1000161.

61
Dog cancer cells
: Ibid.

62
This novel approach
: George S. Mack, “Cancer Researchers Usher in Dog Days of Medicine,”
Nature Medicine
11 (2005): p. 1018; Gordon et al., “The Comparative Oncology Trials”; Paoloni interview; National Cancer Institute, “Comparative Oncology Program,” accessed October 7, 2011.
https://ccrod.cancer.gov/confluence/display/CCRCOPWeb/Home
.

63
For example, the limb-sparing technique
: Withrow and Khanna, “Bridging the Gap,” pp. 439–46.; Steve Withrow telephone interview, May 17, 2010.

64
Kerstin Lindblad-Toh
: Lindblad-Toh interview; Lindblad-Toh et al., “Genome Sequence,” pp. 803–19.

65
German shepherds
: Paoloni and Khanna, “Translation of New Cancer Treatments,” pp. 147–56.

66
But noticing where cancer isn’t
: Ibid.

67
In many ways, the dinner crowd
: Philip Bergman interview, Orlando, FL, January 17, 2010; Bergman interview, June 10, 2010.

68
“This is the
Princeton
Club”:
Bergman interview, January 17, 2010.

69
“Do dogs,” he asked, “get melanoma?”:
Bergman interview, January 17, 2010; Bergman interview, June 10, 2010; Jedd Wolchok telephone interview, June 29, 2010.

70
“the diseases are essentially one and the same”:
Bergman interview, January 17, 2010; Bergman interview, June 10, 2010; Wolchok interview.

71
xenogeneic
: Bergman interview, January 17, 2010.

72
The therapy
: Philip J. Bergman, Joanne McKnight, Andrew Novosad, Sarah Charney, John Farrelly, Diane Craft, Michelle Wulderk, et al., “Long-Term Survival of Dogs with Advanced Malignant Melanoma After DNA Vaccination with Xenogeneic Human Tyrosinase: A Phase I Trial,”
Clinical Cancer Research
9 (2003): pp. 1284–90.

73
In 2009, Merial released
: Merial Limited, “Canine Oral Melanoma and ONCEPT Canine Melanoma Vaccine, DNA,”
Merial Limited Media Information
, January 17, 2010.

74
From a
human
melanoma cell:
Wolchok interview.

75
For the time being, mice
: Ibid.

76
“Almost without fail”:
Bergman interview, January 17, 2010.

  
1
Lancelot was having
: Authors’ tour of UC Davis horse barn, Davis, CA, February 12, 2011; Janet Roser telephone interview, August 30, 2011.

  
2
“Most people think of stallions”:
Sandy Sargent, “Breeding Horses: Why Won’t
My Stallion Breed to My Mare,”
allexperts.com
, July 19, 2009, accessed February 18, 2011.
http://en.allexperts.com/q/Breeding-Horses-3331/2009/7/won-t-stallion-breed.htm
.

  
3
Even when copulating
: Katherine A. Houpt,
Domestic Animal Behavior for Veterinarians and Animal Scientists
, 5th ed., Ames, IA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011: pp. 117–21.

  
4
At the other end
: Ibid., p. 119.

  
5
Their lower status and forced celibacy
: Ibid., pp. 91–93; Edward O. Price, “Sexual Behavior of Large Domestic Farm Animals: An Overview,”
Journal of Animal Science
61 (1985): pp. 62–72.

  
6
“Pain, fear, and confusion”:
Jessica Jahiel, “Young Stallion Won’t Breed,” Jessica Jahiel’s Horse-Sense, accessed February 18, 2011.
http://www.horse-sense.org/archives/2001027.php
.

  
7
sex comes in many forms
: Marlene Zuk,
Sexual Selections: What We Can and Can’t Learn About Sex from Animals
, Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003; Tim Birkhead,
Promiscuity: An Evolutionary History of Sperm Competition
, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002; Olivia Judson,
Dr. Tatiana’s Sex Advice to All Creation: The Definitive Guide to the Evolutionary Biology of Sex
, New York: Henry Holt, 2002.

  
8
The earliest single-celled
: Matt Ridley,
The Red Queen: Sex and the Evolution of Human Nature
, New York: Harper Perennial, 1993.

  
9
The oldest penis
: David J. Siveter, Mark D. Sutton, Derek E. G. Briggs, and Derek J. Siveter, “An Ostracode Crustacean with Soft Parts from the Lower Silurian,”
Science
302 (2003): pp. 1749–51.

10
Before it was found
: Jason A. Dunlop, Lyall I. Anderson, Hans Kerp, and Hagen Hass, “Palaeontology: Preserved Organs of Devonian Harvestmen,”
Nature
425 (2003): p. 916.

11
Paleontologists have speculated
: Discovery Channel Videos, “Tyrannosaurus Sex: Titanosaur Mating,”
Discovery Channel
, accessed October 7, 2011.
http://dsc.discovery.com/videos/tyrannosaurus-sex-titanosaur-mating.html
.

12
Not all internal
: Birkhead,
Promiscuity
, p. 95.

13
Spiny anteaters sport
: Nora Schultz, “Exhibitionist Spiny Anteater Reveals Bizarre Penis,”
New Scientist
, October 26, 2007, accessed February 8, 2011.
http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn12838-exhibitionist-spiny-anteater
.

14
the phalluses of Argentine lake ducks
: Kevin G. McCracken, “The 20-cm Spiny Penis of the Argentine Lake Duck (
Oxyura vittata
),
” The Auk
117 (2000): pp. 820–25.

15
Despite a thirty-three-inch
: Birkhead,
Promiscuity
, p. 99.

16
That title goes to
: Christopher J. Neufeld and A. Richard Palmer, “Precisely Proportioned: Intertidal Barnacles Alter Penis Form to Suit Coastal Wave Action,”
Proceedings of the Royal Society B
275 (2008): pp. 1081–87.

17
Several species of marine
: Birkhead,
Promiscuity
, p. 98.

18
Some snakes and lizards
: Ibid.

19
As for insects
: David Grimaldi and Michael S. Engel,
Evolution of the Insects
, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005: p. 135.

20
“It is generally assumed”:
Birkhead,
Promiscuity
, p. 95.

21
Although barnacles
: Ibid.

22
The sexcapades of krill
: So Kawaguchi, Robbie Kilpatrick, Lisa Roberts, Robert A. King, and Stephen Nicol. “Ocean-Bottom Krill Sex,”
Journal of Plankton Research
33 (2011): pp. 1134–38.

23
Since arising more than 200 million
: Diane A. Kelly, “Penises as Variable-Volume Hydrostatic Skeletons,”
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
1101 (2007): pp. 453–63.

24
An actual penis bone
: D. A. Kelly, “Anatomy of the Baculum-Corpus Cavernosum Interface in the Norway Rat (
Rattus norvegicus
) and Implications for Force Transfer During Copulation,”
Journal of Morphology
244 (2000): pp. 69–77; correspondence with Diane A. Kelly.

25
A rope of thick tissue
: Birkhead,
Promiscuity
, p. 97.

26
But humans, along with armadillos
: Kelly, “Penises,” pp. 453–63; Kelly, “The Functional Morphology of Penile Erection: Tissue Designs for Increasing and Maintaining Stiffness,”
Integrative and Comparative Biology
42 (2002): pp. 216–21; Kelly, “Expansion of the Tunica Albuginae During Penile Inflation in the Nine-Banded Armadillo (
Dasypus novemcinctus
),
” Journal of Experimental Biology
202 (1999): pp. 253–65.

27
As Diane A. Kelly
: Kelly telephone interview; Kelly, “Penises,” pp. 453–63; Kelly, “Functional Morphology,” pp. 216–21; Kelly, “Expansion,” pp. 253–65.

28
It starts with the deceptively inert
: Ion G. Motofei and David L. Rowland, “Neurophysiology of the Ejaculatory Process: Developing Perspectives,”
BJU International
96 (2005): pp. 1333–38; Jeffrey P. Wolters and Wayne J. G. Hellstrom, “Current Concepts in Ejaculatory Dysfunction,”
Reviews in Urology
8 (2006): pp. S18–25.

29
The command to relax
: Motofei and Rowland, “Neurophysiology,” pp. 1333–38; Wolters and Hellstrom, “Current Concepts,” pp. S18–25.

30
Next comes a key chemical reaction
: Motofei and Rowland, “Neurophysiology,” pp. 1333–38; Wolters and Hellstrom, “Current Concepts,” pp. S18–25.

31
To protect the organ from rupturing
: Kelly, “Penises,” pp. 453–63.

32
(Kelly says it’s a trick shared by pufferfish)
: Ibid.

33
A study on certain fish
: R. Brian Langerhans, Craig A. Layman, Thomas J. DeWitt, and David B. Wake, “Male Genital Size Reflects a Tradeoff Between Attracting Mates and Avoiding Predators in Two Live-Bearing Fish Species,”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
102 (2005): pp. 7618–23.

34
“point of no return”:
W. P. de Silva, “ABC of Sexual Health: Sexual Variations,”
BMJ
318 (1999): pp. 654–56.

35
But all male mammals
: Kelly, “Penises,” pp. 453–63.

36
And the ejaculation of a male
: Phillip Jobling, “Autonomic Control of the Urogenital Tract,”
Autonomic Neuroscience
165 (2011): pp. 113–126.

37
Electroencephalograms
: Harvey D. Cohen, Raymond C. Rosen, and Leonide Goldstein, “Electroencephalographic Laterality Changes During Human Sexual Orgasm,”
Archives of Sexual Behavior
5 (1976): pp. 189–99.

38
Many men describe
: James G. Pfaus and Boris B. Gorzalka, “Opioids and Sexual Behavior,”
Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
11 (1987): pp. 1–34; James G. Pfaus and Lisa A. Scepkowski, “The Biologic Basis for Libido,”
Current Sexual Health Reports
2 (2005): pp. 95–100.

39
If you are an ER doc
: Kenia P. Nunes, Marta N. Cordeiro, Michael Richardson, Marcia N. Borges, Simone O. F. Diniz, Valbert N. Cardoso, Rita Tostes, Maria Elena De Lima, et al., “Nitric Oxide–Induced Vasorelaxation in Response to PnTx2–6 Toxin from
Phoneutria nigriventer
Spider in Rat Cavernosal Tissue,”
The Journal of Sexual Medicine
7 (2010): pp. 3879–88.

40
When a randy stallion
: Houpt,
Domestic Animal Behavior
, p. 114; Roser interview.

41
Male horses
: Houpt,
Domestic Animal Behavior
, p. 10; L. E. L. Rasmussen, “Source and Cyclic Release Pattern of (Z)-8-Dodecenyl Acetate, the Pre-ovulatory Pheromone of the Female Asian Elephant,”
Chemical Senses
26 (2001): p. 63.

42
Also called the facial nerve
: Edwin Gilland and Robert Baker, “Evolutionary Patterns of Cranial Nerve Efferent Nuclei in Vertebrates,”
Brain, Behavioral Evolution
66 (2005): pp. 234–54.

43
Male porcupines
: Uldis Roze,
The North American Porcupine
, 2nd edition. Ithaca, NY: Comstock Publishing, 2009: pp. 135–43, 231.

44
Male goats
: Edward O. Price, Valerie M. Smith, and Larry S. Katz, “Stimulus Condition Influencing Self-Enurination, Genital Grooming and Flehmen in Male Goats,”
Applied Animal Behaviour Science
16 (1986): pp. 371–81.

45
Elk bucks
: Dale E. Toweill, Jack Ward Thomas, and Daniel P. Metz,
Elk of North America: Ecology and Management
, Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 1982.

46
Courting female crayfish
: Fiona C. Berry and Thomas Breithaupt, “To Signal or Not to Signal? Chemical Communication by Urine-Borne Signals Mirrors Sexual Conflict in Crayfish,”
BMC Biology
8 (2010): p. 25.

47
The urine of male swordtail fish
: Gil G. Rosenthal, Jessica N. Fitzsimmons, Kristina U. Woods, Gabriele Gerlach, and Heidi S. Fisher, “Tactical Release of a Sexually-Selected Pheromone in a Swordtail Fish,”
PLoS One
6 (2011): p. e16994.

48
For example, the reddening
: C. Bielert and L. A. Van der Walt, “Male Chacma Baboon (
Papio ursinus
) Sexual Arousal: Mediation by Visual Cues from Female Conspecifics,”
Psychoneuroendocrinology
7 (1986): pp. 31–48; Craig Bielert, Letizia Girolami, and Connie Anderson, “Male Chacma Baboon (
Papio ursinus
) Sexual Arousal: Studies with Adolescent and Adult Females as Visual Stimuli,”
Developmental Psychobiology
19 (1986): pp. 369–83.

49
Blindfolded bulls
: E. B. Hale, “Visual Stimuli and Reproductive Behavior in Bulls,”
Journal of Animal Science
25 (1966): pp. 36–44.

50
Researchers in Morocco
: Adeline Loyau and Frederic Lacroix, “Watching Sexy Displays Improved Hatching Success and Offspring Growth Through Maternal Allocation,”
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B
277 (2010): pp. 3453–60.

51
Similarly, pig breeders
: Price, “Sexual Behavior,” p. 66.

52
“female Kob antelope whistle”:
Bruce Bagemihl,
Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity
, New York: St. Martin’s, 1999.

53
One fascinating study revealed that female Barbary
: Dana Pfefferle, Katrin Brauch, Michael Heistermann, J. Keith Hodges, and Julia Fischer, “Female Barbary Macaque (
Macaca sylvanus
) Copulation Calls Do Not Reveal the Fertile Phase but Influence Mating Outcome,”
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B
275 (2008): pp. 571–78.

54
Bulls have been found
: Houpt,
Domestic Animal Behavior
, p. 100.

55
But this physiology sets the stage
: Wolters and Hellstrom, “Current Concepts,” pp. S18–25; Arthur L. Burnett telephone interview, April 5, 2011; Jacob Rajfer telephone interview, April 29, 2011.

56
Some five hundred years ago
: I. Goldstein, “Male Sexual Circuitry. Working Group for the Study of Central Mechanisms in Erectile Dysfunction,”
Scientific American
283 (2000): pp. 70–75.

57
Worldwide, one in ten men
: Minnesota Men’s Health Center, P.A., “Facts About Erectile Dysfunction,” accessed October 8, 2011.
http://www.mmhc-online.com/articles/impotency.html
.

58
According to Arthur L. Burnett
: Burnett interview.

59
Ring-tailed lemurs
: Lisa Gould telephone interview, April 5, 2011.

60
The mere presence of a dominant
: Price, “Sexual Behavior,” pp. 62–72; Houpt,
Domestic Animal Behavior
, p. 110.

61
The control of mating
: Nicholas E. Collias, “Aggressive Behavior Among Vertebrate Animals,”
Physiological Zoology
17 (1944): pp. 83–123; Houpt,
Domestic Animal Behavior
, pp. 90–93.

62
“Some men under stress have difficulty”:
Rajfer interview.

63
According to Arthur L. Burnett
: Burnett interview.

64
“an expeditious partner who mounts”:
Lawrence K. Hong, “Survival of the Fastest: On the Origin of Premature Ejaculation,”
Journal of Sex Research
20 (1984): p. 113.

65
Human males take
: Chris G. McMahon, Stanley E. Althof, Marcel D. Waldinger, Hartmut Porst, John Dean, Ira D. Sharlip, et al., “An Evidence-Based Definition of Lifelong Premature Ejaculation: Report of the International Society for Sexual Medicine (ISSM) Ad Hoc Committee for the Definition of Premature Ejaculation,”
The Journal of Sexual Medicine
5 (2008): pp. 1590–1606.

66
Small marine iguanas
: Martin Wikelski and Silke Baurle, “Pre-Copulatory Ejaculation Solves Time Constraints During Copulations in Marine Iguanas,”
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B
263 (1996): pp. 439–44.

67
Jacob Rajfer, the UCLA urologist
: Rajfer interview.