1177 B.C.: The Year Civilization Collapsed (Turning Points in Ancient History) (35 page)

28
. Translation following Strange 1980: 97–98. See also Wachsmann 1987: 120–21; Cline 1994: 110 (A.13).

29
. Strange 1980: 74; Wachsmann 1987: 119–21; Cline 1994: 110 (A.14).

30
. Panagiotopoulos 2006: 380–83.

31
. I first pointed this out in a conference paper presented at the annual meetings of the Archaeological Institute of America; see Cline 1995a: 146. See also Cline 1994: 110–11 (A.16); Panagiotopoulos 2006: 381–82.

32
. Panagiotopoulos 2006: 372–73, 394; but see protestations by Liverani 2001: 176–82. See previously Cline 1995a: 146–47; Cline 1994: 110 (A.15).

33
. Clayton 1994: 101–2; Allen 2005: 261; Dorman 2005a: 87–88; Keller 2005: 96–98.

34
. Tyldesley 1998: 1; Dorman 2005a: 88. See also
http://www.drhawass.com/blog/press-release-identifying-hatshepsuts-mummy
(last accessed December 29, 2010).

35
. Clayton 1994: 105; Dorman 2005b: 107–9.

36
. Tyldesley 1998: 144.

37
. Clayton 1994: 106–7; Tyldesley 1998: 145–53; Liverani 2001: 166–69; Keller 2005: 96–98; Roth 2005: 149; Panagiotopoulos 2006: 379–80.

38
. Panagiotopoulos 2006: 373.

39
. Translation following Strange 1980: 16–20, no. 1; see Cline 1997a: 193.

40
. Cline 1997a: 194–96, with previous references.

41
. Ryan 2010: 277, see also 5–28, 260–81 for general discussions of Ryan’s reexcavation of tomb KV 60. See also news reports, such as
http://www.guardians.net/hawass/hatshepsut/search_for_hatshepsut.htm
and
http://www.drhawass.com/blog/press-release-identifying-hatshepsuts-mummy
(both last accessed December 29, 2010).

42
. On Thutmose III’s campaign and capture of Megiddo, see Cline 2000: chap. 1, with further references; also, for a very brief account, Allen 2005: 261–62.

43
. Cline 2000: 28.

44
. Darnell and Manassa 2007: 139–42; Podany 2010: 131–34.

45
. Podany 2010: 134.

46
. The classic and authoritative translation was published in German by Kammenhuber in 1961. For a modern example of a horse-trainer attempting to use Kikkuli’s methods, see now Nyland 2009.

47
. Redford, D. B. 2006: 333–34; Darnell and Manassa 2007: 141; Amanda Podany, personal communication, May 23, 2013.

48
. Bryce 2005: 140.

49
. I have suggested this previously in Cline 1997a: 196. Further, for my previous discussions of this material concerning the Assuwa Rebellion and Ahhiyawa, including similar details and wording in the following paragraphs and further below, see Cline 2013: 54–68;
also Cline 1996, with previous references, and Cline 1997a. See also Bryce 2005: 124–27, with previous references, and the relevant sections in Beckman, Bryce, and Cline 2011.

50
. Translation and transliteration following Unal, Ertekin, and Ediz 1991: 51; Ertekin and Ediz 1993: 721; Cline 1996: 137–38; Cline 1997a: 189–90.

51
. On the Hittites, and the material presented in the following paragraphs, see especially the overviews by Bryce 2002, 2005, 2012; Collins 2007.

52
. See now the discussion on Hittites and the Bible in Bryce 2012: 64–75.

53
. See now Bryce 2012: 47–49 and passim on the Neo-Hittites and their world.

54
. See now Bryce 2012: 13–14; previously Bryce 2005.

55
. Hittite Law no. 13; translation following Hoffner 2007: 219.

56
. As mentioned above, for my previous discussions of this material, including the details in the following paragraphs and further below, see now Cline 2013: 54–68; also Cline 1996, with previous references, Cline 1997a, and the relevant sections in Beckman, Bryce, and Cline 2011.

57
. Full transliteration and translation in Carruba 1977: 158–61; see also Cline 1996: 141 for additional discussion and relevant references.

58
. Translation following Houwink ten Cate 1970: 62 (cf. also 72 n. 99, 81); see also Cline 1996: 143 for additional relevant references.

59
. See Cline 1996: 145–46; Cline 1997a: 192.

60
. See references given in Cline 2010: 177–79.

61
. See references given in Cline 1994, 1996, and 1997a for the arguments regarding the proper location of Ahhiyawa; see now also Beckman, Bryce, and Cline 2011, as well as alternative perspectives presented in Kelder 2010 and Kelder 2012.

62
. For a brief introduction to Schliemann, with additional bibliography given, see now Rubalcaba and Cline 2011.

63
. See Schliemann 1878; Tsountas and Manatt 1897.

64
. Blegen and Rawson 1966: 5–6; previously, Blegen and Kourouniotis 1939: 563–64.

65
. On the most current thinking regarding the Mycenaeans, see, most recently, the articles found in Cline (ed.) 2010.

66
. On the Mycenaean goods found in Egypt and elsewhere in the Near East, see Cline 1994 (republished 2009), with further bibliographical references.

67
. Cline 1996: 149; see now Cline 2013: 54–68.

68
. See Cline 1997a: 197–98 and Cline 2013: 43–49, with further references.

69
. Translation following Fagles 1990: 185.

70
. As previously stated in Cline 1997a: 202–3.

71
. Kantor 1947: 73.

72
. Panagiotopoulos 2006: 406 n. 1 says, “There is no reason to believe that Hatshepsut was a pacifist, since there is reliable evidence for at least four, and perhaps even six, military campaigns during her reign, at least one of which she led in person.” See previously Redford, D. B. 1967: 57–62.

C
HAPTER
T
WO

1
. Cline 1998: 236–37; Sourouzian 2004. See Cambridge classicist Mary Beard’s rumination on these statues, found online at
http://timesonline.typepad.com/dons_life/2011/01/the-colossi-of-memnon.html
(last accessed January 16, 2011).

2
.
Work on the Aegean List began in 2000; the whole base was finally reassembled in the spring of 2005, reconstructed from eight hundred separate fragments. See discussion in Sourouzian et al. 2006: 405–6, 433–35, pls. XXIIa, c.

3
. Kitchen 1965: 5–6; see also Kitchen 1966.

4
. For the primary publication of these lists, see Edel 1966; Edel and Görg 2005. For other scholars’ thoughts, commentaries, and hypotheses, see, e.g., Hankey 1981; Cline 1987 and 1998, with citations of earlier publications.

5
. Cline and Stannish 2011.

6
. Cline 1987, 1990, 1994, and 1998; Phillips and Cline 2005.

7
. Cline 1987: 10; see also Cline 1990.

8
. Cline 1994: xvii–xviii, 9–11, 35, 106; Cline 1999a.

9
. Cline 1998: 248; see also previously Cline 1987 and now also Cline and Stannish 2011: 11.

10
. Mynářová 2007: 11–39.

11
. See Amarna Letters EA 41–44; Moran 1992: 114–17.

12
. See Cohen and Westbrook 2000.

13
. See Moran 1992 for an English translation of all the letters.

14
. Amarna Letter EA 17; translation following Moran 1992: 41–42.

15
. Amarna Letter EA 14; Moran 1992: 27–37.

16
. For instance, Amarna Letters EA 22, 24, and 25; Moran 1992: 51–61, 63–84.

17
. Liverani 1990; Liverani 2001: 135–37. See now also Mynářová 2007: 125–31, specifically on the Amarna Letters.

18
. On such anthropological studies, see the discussion in Cline 1995a: 143, with further references and bibliography noted there in fn. 1.

19
. Ugarit Letter RS 17.166, cited in Cline 1995a: 144, following translation by Liverani 1990: 200.

20
. Hittite Letter KUB XXIII 102: I 10–19, cited in Cline 1995a: 144, following translation by Liverani 1990: 200.

21
. See again Cline 1995a, for previous and more full discussion of this topic.

22
. Amarna Letter EA 24; translation following Moran 1992: 63. See now discussion on the relations between Tushratta and Amenhotep III in Kahn 2011.

23
. See Amarna Letter EA 20, sent to Amenhotep III, Moran 1992: 47–50, and then Amarna Letters EA 27–29, subsequently sent to Akhenaten, Moran 1992: 86–99.

24
. Amarna Letter EA 22, lines 43–49; translation following Moran 1992: 51–61, esp. 57. Such royal marriages were not uncommon in the ancient Near East; see Liverani 1990.

25
. Cline 1998: 248.

26
. Amarna Letter EA 4; translation following Moran 1992: 8–10.

27
. Amarna Letter EA 1; translation following Moran 1992: 1–5.

28
. Amarna Letters EA 2–3, 5; Moran 1992: 6–8, 10–11.

29
. E.g., Amarna Letters EA 19; translation following Moran 1992: 4.

30
. Amarna Letter EA 3; translation following Moran 1992: 7.

31
. Amarna Letters EA 7 and 10; translations following Moran 1992: 12–16, 19–20. See also Podany 2010: 249–52.

32
. Amarna Letter EA 7; translation following Moran 1992: 14.

33
. Amarna Letter EA 7; Moran 1992: 14. See also Amarna Letter 8, in which Burna-Buriash complains to Akhenaten about yet another attack on his merchants, during which they were killed; Moran 1992: 16–17.

34
.
Malinowski 1922; see also Uberoi 1962; Leach and Leach 1983; Mauss 1990: 27–29; and previous discussion in Cline 1995a.

35
. This has been pointed out previously elsewhere, in Cline 1995a: 149–50, with further references and bibliography cited there.

36
. Again, this has been pointed out previously, in Cline 1995a: 150. The further references and bibliography cited there include Zaccagnini 1983: 250–54; Liverani 1990: 227–29; Niemeier 1991; Bietak 1992: 26–28. See now also Niemeier and Niemeier 1998; Pfälzner 2008a, 2008b; Hitchcock 2005, 2008; Cline and Yasur-Landau 2013.

37
. Amarna Letters EA 33–40. The equation of Cyprus with Alashiya has a long, and convoluted, scholarly history. For an irreverent brief discussion of the equation, see now Cline 2005.

38
. Amarna Letter EA 35; Moran 1992: 107–9. The word “talents” is reconstructed, but seems most logical here.

39
. See brief note by Moran 1992: 39.

40
. Amarna Letter EA 15; translation following Moran 1992: 37–38.

41
. Amarna Letter EA 16; translation following Moran 1992: 38–41.

42
. Van De Mieroop 2007: 131, 138, 175; Bryce 2012: 182–83.

43
. The bust is listed among
Time
magazine’s Top 10 Plundered Artifacts: see
http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1883142_1883129_1883119,00.html
(last accessed January 18, 2011). See also the
New York Times
article:
http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/19/world/europe/19iht-germany.html?_r=2
(last accessed January 18, 2011).

44
. See the lyrics to the song, sung by comedian Steve Martin on
Saturday Night Live
during the days of Tutmania in the United States in the late 1970s. Numerous copies of the clip can now be found on the Internet, including at
http://www.hulu.com/watch/55342
and
http://www.nbc.com/saturday-night-live/digital-shorts/video/king-tut/1037261/
(both last accessed on May 23, 2013).

45
. Hawass 2005: 263–72.

46
. Hawass 2010; Hawass et al. 2010.

47
. Reeves 1990: 44.

48
. Reeves 1990: 40–46.

49
. Reeves 1990: 48–51.

50
. Reeves 1990: 10.

51
. See photographs in Reeves 1990: 52–53.

52
. Bryce 2005: 148–59; Podany 2010: 267–71.

53
. Cline 1998: 248–49. On Amenhotep III’s dynastic marriages, see also Schulman 1979: 183–85, 189–90; Schulman 1988: 59–60; Moran 1992: 101–3.

54
. Translation following Singer 2002: 62; cited and discussed by Bryce 2005: 154–55 (see also 188).

55
. See Yener 2013a, with previous references.

56
. See Bryce 2005: 155–59, 161–63, 175–80; Bryce 2012: 14.

57
. Richter 2005; Merola 2007; Pfälzner 2008a, 2008b. See now Richter and Lange 2012 for the full publication of the archive and Ahrens, Dohmann-Pfälzner, and Pfälzner 2012 for the clay sealing of Akhenaten, and Morandi Bonacossi 2013 on the final crisis ca. 1340 BC.

58
. See discussion in Beckman, Bryce, and Cline 2011: 158–61.

59
. Translation following Bryce 2005: 178. The following is heavily indebted to the account found in Bryce 2005: 178–83. See also, though, Cline 2006, in an account written for children.

60
.
Translation following Bryce 2005: 180–81; the letter is KBo xxviii 51.

61
. Translation following Bryce 2005: 181.

62
. Translation following Bryce 2005: 182.

63
. For examples of scholarly differences of opinion, Bryce 2005: 179 says that the widowed queen was Ankhsenamen, but Reeves 1990: 23 says that the queen was Nefertiti. See also Podany 2010: 285–89, who believes that it was Ankhsenamen.

64
. See Bryce 2005: 183 and n. 130, with references.

65
. See discussions in Cline 1991a: 133–43; Cline 1991b: 1–9; Cline 1994: 68–74.

66
. Cline 1998: 249.

67
. See Bryce 1989a: 1–21; Bryce 1989b: 297–310.

C
HAPTER
T
HREE

1
. Sources for this and the details and discussion that follow below are many and varied, but see especially Bass 1986, 1987, 1997, 1998; Pulak 1988, 1998, 1999, 2005; Bachhuber 2006; Cline and Yasur-Landau 2007. See now also Podany 2010: 256–58.

2
. Bass 1967; Bass 1973.

3
. Pulak 1998: 188.

4
. Pulak 1998: 213.