1177 B.C.: The Year Civilization Collapsed (Turning Points in Ancient History) (37 page)

46
. Information from Israel Finkelstein, Eran Arie, and Michael Toffolo; I am indebted to them for permission to mention their ongoing studies, which are unpublished at the moment.

47
. Ussishkin 1995: 215.

48
. Ussishkin 2004b: tables 2.1 and 3.3.

49
. Ussishkin 2004b: 60–69.

50
. Ussishkin 2004b: 60–62.

51
. Ussishkin 2004b: 62, 65–68.

52
.
Ussishkin 2004b: 71; Barkay and Ussishkin 2004: 357.

53
. Zuckerman 2007a: 10, citing Barkay and Ussishkin 2004: 353, 358–61 and Smith 2004: 2504–7.

54
. Barkay and Ussishkin 2004: 361; Zuckerman 2007a: 10.

55
. Ussishkin 2004b: 70; also Ussishkin 1987.

56
. Ussishkin 2004b: 69–70, with references to the earlier publications.

57
. Ussishkin 1987; Ussishkin 2004b: 64 and color plates on p. 136; see also Weinstein 1992: 143–44; Giveon, Sweeney, and Lalkin. 2004: 1626–28; Ussishkin 2004d, with plates. See now also Zwickel 2012: 597–98.

58
. Ussishkin 1987.

59
. Carmi and Ussishkin 2004: 2508–13, with table 35.1; Barkay and Ussishkin 2004: 361; Ussishkin 2004b: 70; Giveon, Sweeney, and Lalkin 2004: 1627–28, with earlier references. Ussishkin, personal communication, May 14, 2013, writes: “As to dating the destruction of Lachish VI to 1130—I suggested it not on the basis of C14 dates but on the basis of the assumption that the Egyptians must have held Lachish as long as they held Megiddo and Beth Shan located further north, and based on the statue of Rameses VI in Megiddo these cities must have existed till about 1130. I still hold to this view.”

60
. Zwickel 2012: 598, with previous references.

61
. Ussishkin 2004b: 70.

62
. Ussishkin 2004b: 70.

63
. Ussishkin 2004b: 69–72, with references to the earlier publications.

64
. Ussishkin 1987; Ussishkin 2004b: 71–72; Zuckerman 2007a: 10. See now also Zwickel 2012: 597–98.

65
. Ussishkin 2004b: 71 and color plates on p. 127; see also Barkay and Ussishkin 2004: 358, 363; Smith 2004: 2504–7.

66
. See previously Nur and Ron 1997; Nur and Cline 2000, 2001; Nur and Burgess 2008; Cline 2011.

67
. Ussishkin 2004c: 216, 267, 270–71.

68
. Weinstein 1992: 147.

69
. Master, Stager, and Yasur-Landau 2011: 276; see previously Dothan, M. 1971: 25; Dothan, T. 1982: 36–37; Dever 1992: 102–3; Dothan and Dothan 1992: 160–61; Dothan, M. 1993: 96; Dothan and Porath 1993: 47; Dothan, T. 1990, 2000; Stager 1995; Killebrew 1998: 381–82; Killebrew 2000; Gitin 2005; Barako 2013: 41. See also now brief discussion in Demand 2011: 208–10 and the detailed debate and discussion, with full references, as to what constitutes Philistine culture and how the Philistines might have interacted with the local Canaanite population in Killebrew 2005: 197–245; Killebrew 2006–7; Killebrew 2013; Yasur-Landau 2010a: esp. 216–334; Faust and Lev-Tov 2011; Yasur-Landau 2012a; Killebrew and Lehmann 2013: 16; Sherratt 2013; and Maeir, Hitchcock, and Horwitz 2013.

70
. Dothan, T. 2000: 147; see also the very similar statement in Dothan, T. 1998: 151. See also Yasur-Landau 2010a: 223–24.

71
. Master, Stager, and Yasur-Landau 2011: 261, 274–76, and passim; see also previously Dothan, T. 1982: 36.

72
. Stager 1995: 348, cited specifically by Yasur-Landau 2012a: 192. See also Middleton 2010: 85, 87.

73
. Potts 1999: 206, 233, and tables 7.5–7.6. See also discussion in Zettler 1992: 174–76.

74
.
Translation following Potts 1999: 233 and table 7.6.

75
. Potts 1999: 188, 233, and table 7.9; Bryce 2012: 185–87.

76
. Yener 2013a; Yener 2013b: 144.

77
. Drews 1993: 9.

78
. See comments on precisely this matter by Güterbock 1992: 55, with references to earlier publications by Kurt Bittel, Heinrich Otten, and others. See now also the discussion by Bryce 2012: 14–15.

79
. Neve 1989: 9; Hoffner 1992: 48; Güterbock 1992: 53; Bryce 2005: 269–71, 319–21; Genz 2013: 469–72.

80
. Hoffner 1992: 49, 51.

81
. Hoffner 1992: 46–47, with references to earlier publications by Kurt Bittel, Heinrich Otten, and others; also now Singer 2001; Middleton 2010: 56.

82
. Muhly 1984: 40–41.

83
. Bryce 2012: 12; Genz 2013: 472.

84
. Seeher 2001; Bryce 2005: 345–46; Van De Mieroop 2007: 240–41; Demand 2011: 195; Bryce 2012: 11; Genz 2013: 469–72.

85
. Drews 1993: 9, 11, with references; Yasur-Landau 2010a: 159–61, 186–87, with references. On Tarsus, see now Yalçin 2013.

86
. Drews 1993: 9, with references.

87
. Bryce 2005: 347–48. Others had noticed this before Bryce; see, for example, Güterbock 1992: 53, citing Bittel; see now also Genz 2013.

88
. As with the section in the previous chapter on Troy and the Trojan War, this brief discussion of Troy VIIa and its destruction repeats material that was presented in Cline 2013, which was written at the same time as this book. Again, the discussion represents an edited version of material first published, with additional references, by the present author in the Course Guide accompanying the fourteen-lecture recorded audio series entitled
Archaeology and the Iliad: The Trojan War in Homer and History
(Recorded Books/The Modern Scholar, 2006) and is reproduced here by permission of the publisher.

89
. Mountjoy 1999b: 300–301 and table 1 on p. 298; Mountjoy 2006: 245–48; see now Cline 2013: 91.

90
. Mountjoy 1999b: 296–97; see now Cline 2013: 93–94.

91
. See, e.g., Blegen et al. 1958: 11–12.

92
. Transcript of the BBC documentary
The Truth of Troy
,
http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/2004/troytrans.shtml
(last accessed April 17, 2012); see now also discussion in Cline 2013: 94–101.

93
. See Mountjoy 1999b: 333–34 and now Cline 2013: 94.

94
. See, e.g., Deger-Jalkotzy 2008: 387, 390 and the list of sites in Shelmerdine 2001: 373 n. 275.

95
. Middleton 2010: 14–15. See now further discussion in Middleton 2012: 283–85.

96
. Blegen and Lang 1960: 159–60.

97
. Rutter 1992: 70; see now also Deger-Jalkotzy 2008: 387.

98
. See originally Blegen and Rawson 1966: 421–22. For the redating of the destruction of Pylos, see now Mountjoy 1997; Shelmerdine 2001: 381.

99
. Blegen and Kourouniotis 1939: 561.

100
. Davis 2010: 687. See also the discussion in Davis 1998: 88, 97.

101
. Blegen 1955: 32 and see also mentions throughout Blegen and Rawson 1966.

102
.
See most recently Deger-Jalkotzy 2008: 389, with references to the pros and cons of this discussion, which include Hooker 1982, Baumbach 1983, and Palaima 1995; see also Shelmerdine 1999 and Maran 2009: 245, with references.

103
. Iakovidis 1986: 259.

104
. Taylour 1969: 91–92, 95; Iakovidis 1986: 244–45, as cited in Nur and Cline 2000: 50.

105
. Wardle, Crouwel, and French. 1973: 302.

106
. French 2009: 108; see also French 2010: 676–77.

107
. Iakovidis 1986: 259; see also Middleton 2010: 100.

108
. Iakovidis 1986: 260.

109
. See Yasur-Landau 2010a: 69–71; see now also the Ph.D. thesis by Murray 2013 and the M.A. thesis by Enverova 2012.

110
. Maran 2009: 246–47; Cohen, Maran, and Vetters 2010; Kostoula and Maran 2012.

111
. Maran 2010: 729, citing Kilian 1996.

112
. See full references in Nur and Cline 2000: 51–52, where this material was initially published; see also Nur and Cline 2001.

113
. Kilian 1996: 63, cited in Nur and Cline 2000: 52.

114
. See Yasur-Landau 2010a: 58–59, 66–69, with further references; Maran 2010; Middleton 2010: 97–99; Middleton 2012: 284.

115
. Karageorghis 1982: 82.

116
. Karageorghis 1982: 82–87; subsequently updated in Karageorghis 1992: 79–86; see now also Karageorghis 2011. See also Sandars 1985: 144–48; Drews 1993: 11–12; Bunimovitz 1998; Yasur-Landau 2010a: 150–51; Middleton 2010: 83; Jung 2011.

117
. Karageorghis 1982: 86–88, 91.

118
. Karageorghis 1982: 88; see now brief discussion in Demand 2011: 205–6.

119
. Karageorghis 1982: 89.

120
. On the destruction at Enkomi, see Steel 2004: 188, citing earlier excavation reports; also now Mountjoy 2005. On the text from Ugarit—RS 20.18 (
Ugaritica
5.22)—see Karageorghis 1982: 83; original publication in Nougayrol et al. 1968: 83–85 and with a new translation quoted in Bryce 2005: 334; see also Sandars 1985: 142.

121
. Drews 1993: 11–12; Muhly 1984; Karageorghis 1992.

122
. Steel 2004: 187. See now also Iacovou 2008 and Iacovou 2013 (the latter was written/presented in 2001 and updated in 2008, but not since then, according to the author).

123
. Steel 2004: 188.

124
. Steel 2004: 188–90; see now also the discussion of the pottery at these sites in Jung 2011.

125
. Voskos and Knapp 2008; Middleton 2010: 84; Knapp 2012; see now also Karageorghis 2011 for his thoughts on the topic.

126
. Åström 1998: 83.

127
. Kaniewski et al. 2013.

128
. Karageorghis 1982: 89–90. For a translation of “The Report of Wenamun,” see Wente 2003b.

129
. Steel 2004: 186–87, 208–13; see also discussion in Iacovou 2008.

130
. Kitchen 2012: 7–11.

131
. Snape 2012: 412–13; previously Clayton 1994: 164–65. For the full story, see Redford, S. 2002.

132
. Clayton 1994: 165; Redford, S. 2002: 131.

133
.
See Zink et al. 2012, with further media reports in the
Los Angeles Times
,
USA Today
, and elsewhere, available at
http://articles.latimes.com/2012/dec/18/science/la-sci-sn-egypt-mummy-pharoah-ramses-murder-throat-slit-20121218
,
http://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/sciencefair/2012/12/17/ramses-ramesses-murdered-bmj/1775159/
, and
http://www.pasthorizonspr.com/index.php/archives/12/2012/ramesses-iii-and-the-harem-conspiracy-murder
(all last accessed on May 29, 2013).

134
. See again Zink et al. 2012, with further media reports in the
Los Angeles Times
,
USA Today
, and elsewhere, available at
http://articles.latimes.com/2012/dec/18/science/la-sci-sn-egypt-mummy-pharoah-ramses-murder-throat-slit-20121218
,
http://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/sciencefair/2012/12/17/ramses-ramesses-murdered-bmj/1775159/
, and
http://www.pasthorizonspr.com/index.php/archives/12/2012/ramesses-iii-and-the-harem-conspiracy-murder
(all last accessed on May 29, 2013).

135
Cf. Singer 2000: 24 and Caubet 1992: 124 on the resettlement of sites like Ras Ibn Hani by people making and using LH IIIC1 pottery. See now also Sherratt 2013: 627–28.

136
. Caubet 1992: 127; see also now Yasur-Landau 2010a: 166; Killebrew and Lehmann 2013: 12, with additional references.

137
. Steel 2004: 188–208, citing many earlier studies; see also Yasur-Landau 2010a passim.

C
HAPTER
F
IVE

1
. As written by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle in “The Hound of the Baskervilles.”

2
. See, e.g., Sandars 1985; Drews 1993; and the papers in conference volumes edited by Ward and Joukowsky (1992) (especially the overview by Muhly [1992]) and by Oren (1997).

3
. See again, e.g., Monroe 2009; Middleton 2010; Yasur-Landau 2010a; and the papers in the conference volumes edited by Bachhuber and Roberts (2009), Galil et al. (2012), and Killebrew and Lehmann (2013); also the brief summaries and lengthier discussions in Killebrew 2005: 33–37; Bell 2006: 12–17; Dickinson 2006: 46–57; Friedman 2008: 163–202; Dickinson 2010; Jung 2010; Wallace 2010: 13, 49–51; Kaniewski et al. 2011: 1; and Strobel 2013.

4
. Davis 2010: 687.

5
. Deger-Jalkotzy 2008: 390–91; Maran 2009: 242. See also Shelmerdine 2001: 374–76, 381 and especially the detailed examination of possible causes in the Bronze Age Aegean in Middleton 2010 and elsewhere in Middleton 2012, as well as the discussions in Murray 2013 and Enverova 2012.

6
. Schaeffer 1948: 2; Schaeffer 1968: 756, 761, 763–765, 766, 768; Drews 1993: 33–34; Nur and Cline 2000: 58; Bryce 2005: 340–41; Bell 2006: 12.

7
. Callot 1994: 203; Callot and Yon 1995: 167; Singer 1999: 730.

8
. See Nur and Cline 2001, with full discussion and references in Nur and Cline 2000.

9
. Kochavi 1977: 8, cited and quoted in Nur and Cline 2001: 34; Nur and Cline 2000: 60. See now also discussion in Cline 2011.

10
. See Nur and Cline 2000; Nur and Cline 2001; now also Nur and Burgess 2008.

11
. See Nur and Cline 2001: 33–35, with full discussion in Nur and Cline 2000, enlarging upon and disputing the discussion in Drews 1993: 33–47; see also now the discussion in Middleton 2010: 38–41; Middleton 2012: 283–84; Demand 2011: 198. For the addition of Enkomi, see Steel 2004: 188 and n. 13, with earlier references.

12
.
For all examples, see Nur and Cline 2000: 50–53 and figs. 12–13, with original references cited there.

13
. Stiros and Jones 1996; see again Nur and Cline 2000; Nur and Cline 2001; also Shelmerdine 2001: 374–77; Nur and Burgess 2008. On the continued occupation of Tiryns, see Muhlenbruch 2007, 2009; also comments by Dickinson 2010: 486–87 and Jung 2010: 171–73, 175.

14
. See Anthony 1990, 1997; Yakar 2003: 13; Yasur-Landau 2007: 610–11; Yasur-Landau 2010a: 30–32; Middleton 2010: 73.