A Brief History of the Vikings (38 page)

Munster
68

Muslim world
10–11
,
105–8
,
112
,
127
,
191–2

Myrgiol, Princess
143

Mrkjartan
142

mythology, Norse
15–47

Naddod
139–40

Naglfar
45

Nanna
42–3

Napoleonic wars
216

navigation
17
,
49–50
,
54–5
,
147

Nerthus
34

New England
151–2
,
226–8

New Sweden
222

Newfoundland
151
,
223
,
225

Nicholas V, Pope
220

nicknames
55–6

Nissa, battle of
205

Njord
18
,
34

Nordbrikt
see
Harald the Ruthless

Normans/Normandy
13
,
86
,
121
,
128
,
163
,
168
,
173
,
192
,
206
,
209
,
213
,
215

Norns
21–2

North Sea
60
,
61

Northern Crusades
215

Northey
126

Northumbria
6
,
48
,
74
,
75
,
93
,
121
,
124
,
173
,
176
,
178
,
207
,
209
,
210
,
211
,
212
,
213
,
215

Norway

Christianity in
65
,
116–17
,
130
,
131
,
132–6
,
179
,
180
,
184
,
201
,
215

place-names
19

power struggles in
58–9
,
81–3
,
90–3
,
116–18
,
131
,
178–9
,
180–5
,
194
,
197–200
,
201–4
,
215–16

Nottingham
77

Nova Anglia
215

Nova Scotia
151

Novgorod
102
,
110
,
111
,
114
,
124

Odin
18
,
19
,
20
,
25–31
,
32–3
,
34
,
35
,
39
,
42
,
45
,
46
,
80
,
96
,
97
,
133
,
144

Offa, King of Mercia
51

ogres
36

Ogvaldsness
132–3

Ohman, Olaf
223

Olaf II, King of Norway (the Stout, St Olaf)
166
,
170
,
171
,
172
,
173
,
175
,
178–85
,
186
,
187–9
,
195
,
202
,
204

Olaf III, King of Norway (the Peaceful)
212–13
,
214
,
215
,
223

Olaf (nephew of Hakon the Good)
95

Olaf (ruler of Denmark)
64

Olaf (son of Fairhair)
91
,
92

Olaf ‘Crowbone’ Tryggvason
114
,
123–36
,
143–4
,
160–3
,
179
,
183

Olaf Geirstatha-Alf
58

Olaf the White, King of Dublin
73–4
,
143

Olafsson, Tryggvi
95
,
116
,
117
,
123–4

old age, death in
28

Oleg, Prince of Rus
114

Olga (Helga), St
110–12
,
115
,
189
,
192

Olof Skötkonung, King
121
,
123
,
161
,
174
,
179
,
180

Onund Jacob, King of Sweden
180
,
181
,
182
,
183
,
185

oral tradition
15

Orkneyinga Saga
67

Orkneys
49
,
86
,
130
,
180
,
208
,
209
,
216
,
217
,
221

Viking settlement of
66–7
,
85
,
88–9
,
93
,
118
,
141

Orosius
84

Osbert, King of Yorkshire
74

Oseberg ship
57

Oslo
8

Ospaksson, Ulf
187

Osraige
73

Ostmen
216

Otto I
119

Otto II
119
,
120

Ouse, River
210

Oxford
165
,
173

Padstow
125

pagan religions
36–7
,
46
,
62
,
78
,
95–7
,
107
,
116–17
,
118
,
120
,
131
,
133–4
,
144–5
,
201

Pecheneg tribesmen
104
,
108
,
110
,
112
,
113–14
,
189

Pepys, Samuel
168

Picts
67

Piraeus
191

pirates
5
,
11
,
191
,
220

Pirkkala
100

place-names
19
,
32
,
38
,
46
,
71
,
80
,
228

Poddle, River
70

Poland
99
,
100
,
124
,
160–1
,
189

Polotsk
115

Pope, the
163
,
183

Portland
50

Prince Edward Island
151

protection money
68
,
80
,
85
,
94
,
111
,
121–2
,
199

Pytheas
137–8

Ragnarok
45
,
46

Ragnhild (daughter of Goldenbeard)
59

Ragnild (daughter of Bloodaxe)
94

ram-god
33

Rathlin Island
51

Raumsdale
96

Raven-Floki
see
Vilgerdason, Floki

Ravenwood
23

Reading
75
,
166

Regin
39
,
41

Repton
76

Reric
60

Rhine, River
4

Richard the Fearless
86
,
128
,
163

Rimbert
63

roads, Roman
210–11

Rochester
163
,
168

rock carvings
17

Rogned
115

Rognvald the Resourceful
86
,
88–9

Rognvald the Straight-Limbed
87
,
91

Roman Empire
3–6
,
74
,
210–11

Romanus I, Emperor
108
,
110

Rome
183

Roskilde
24–5

Rouen
86

runes
30
,
67
,
99
,
101
,
103
,
169
,
191
,
223–4

Rurik, Prince of Rus
102
,
105
,
110

Rus traders
101
,
102
,
104–8
,
111–15
,
228

Russia/Russians
13
,
99
,
100–4
,
110
,
115
,
124
,
180
,
184
,
185
,
189
,
195

Russian Primary Chronicle
101
,
103
,
110
,
189
,
192

sacrifices

animal
23
,
25
,
96
,
97
,
144

human
23
,
25
,
75
,
89
,
107
,
133–4
,
144

Saga of Gunnlaug Serpent-Tongue
128

Saga of the Jomsviking
123

Saga of the People of Laxardal
66
,
142

sagas
8–9
,
222
,
228

Christian influence on
44
,
46–7

as source material
15–16
,
170
,
192–3

St Adamnan
68

St Clair-sur-Epte, treaty of
86

St Clement of the Danes
178

St Lawrence, Gulf of
151

St Olaf Stairs
171

St Patrick
73

Samanids
106–7

Sámi
12
,
22
,
32
,
35
,
37–8
,
87
,
99
,
100
,
180

Sampo
20

Sanday
66–7

Sandwich
125
,
174

Santa Claus
29
,
33

Saracens
99
,
192

Saxo Grammaticus
24
,
29
,
41
,
42–3
,
192

Saxon Shore-forts
5

Saxons
4
,
6–7
,
12
,
122

end of royal line
206

settlement of Britannia
5–6

and Viking attacks
75–80

war with Franks
60

Scandinavia

Christianity in
12
,
61–3
,
64–5
,
130

fluid borders within
31–2

migration from
9–10
,
13
,
81
,
85
,
141
,
200
,
229

population increase
5

settlement of
2–3
,
22–3

see also
individual countries by name

Scarborough
209

Schleswig-Holstein
222

Schönbäck, Bengt
227

Scilly Isles
125
,
129

Scotland

treaty with England
207

Viking raids on
51
,
73–4
,
124
,
182
,
216–17

Viking settlement in
68
,
85

sea level, rise in
5

Serkland
105
,
192

Severn, River
176

shamans
35
,
36
,
37

Shannon, River
70

shape-changers
see
transformers

sheep
66

Sherwin, Reider
224

Shetlands
49
,
54
,
66
,
67
,
86
,
217
,
221

ship-burials
57
,
58
,
66–7

ship-levy
83

ships
52–5

galleys
191

knorrs
54
,
147

longships
54–5
,
99–100

replica
53–4
,
223
,
227
,
228

warships
54

Sicily
192
,
193

Sigfred, Danish ‘king’
63

Sigmund the Volsung
29

Sigrid the Haughty
56
,
130
,
166

Sigroth (son of Fairhair)
92

Sigurd
41

Sigurd, Earl
96
,
97
,
116
,
117

Sigurd the Bastard
87

silver
105–6
,
108
,
112

Siward, Earl of Northumbria
207

skalds
16
,
25
,
26
,
29
,
37
,
38
,
55
,
67
,
117
,
193

Skiringssal
84
,
98

Skraelings
153–4
,
155–7
,
218–19

Skuld
(Necessity)
21
,
27

Skye, Isle of
217

slander
55–6

slave trade
11
,
104
,
106
,
108

Sleipnir
26
,
39

Snaefellsness
145

Snaefrid
87–8

Snilling, Ulfkell
165–6
,
176

Snorrason, Halldor
187
,
194

Snorri
see
Sturluson, Snorri

Snorri (son of Gudrid)
155–6

Sogn
58
,
59

Somerled
216

Song of Roland
45

sorcery
37
,
56
,
87
,
91

souls
36–7

South Saxons
168

Southampton
125

Southwark
170
,
171
,
175

Spain
4

Stamford
77

Stamford Bridge, battle of
211–12
,
214

stars, as navigation aids
17

Steinunn
135